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Tracking the next pandemic: Avian Flu Talk

Bird Flu From Mosquitoes
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    Posted: April 10 2007 at 6:22pm
This Russian research on H5N1 transmission by Mosquito makes
interesting reading when combined with the lastest Posts from
Indonesia on the current Mosquito driven Dengue event.  Especially
so when you try to reconcile the inconsistent statistics presented by the
Authorities in that country.


   Russian Scientists Prove Mosquitoes, Bats Are Avian Influenza Vectors

   On 5 October, the website JustMedia.Ru reported that Russian virologists have convincingly demonstrated the ability of blood-sucking mosquitoes (Culex pipiens) to transmit influenza A viruses, including the traditional human strain H3N2 and the avian flu strain H5N1. The discovery was announced by the Sverdlovsk Oblast regional office of the Federal Service for Surveillance in the Area of Protection of Consumer Rights and Human Welfare [Rospotrebnadzor]. The report went on to state that carriage of human influenza strains has also been established in bats.




http://www.xignite.com/xWorldNews.aspx?articleid=CEP20061009346001


Culex pipiens is the most widely distributed mosquito in the world. It is found on every continent except Antarctica and it carries a number of diseases, especially arboviruses (arthropod-borne virus). Culex tarsalis is a vector for Western Equine encephalitis.

Eggs of these mosquitoes, typically for culicines, are laid singly or in rafts and although they may stick to the surface, they may sink if the water is disturbed. Culex prefers water contaminated with organic matter for the development of the larvae and in will grow well in septic tanks.

Disease is spread by females. Males do not bite. The females take blood meals that are used to support the development of eggs. Culex is described as zoophagic because it takes its meals from animals as well as humans and can also be described as ornithophagic because it frequently feeds on birds. Any disease that is carried by Culex can therefore become difficult to eradicate because any animal community that it feeds on can become a reservoir and mobile species, such as birds, can spread the disease through a large area. This was seen in 1999 in the Eastern United States when West Nile virus was introduced into the area. Culex pipiens feeds at night.

Feeding is described as endophagic because the mosquito prefers to feed in and around structures and the mosquito then rests in cool damp spots within structures while the meal is digested (endophilic behavior). A blood meal takes 2-7 days to digest and 1-3 meals are needed to complete development of clutch of eggs. Transmission comes from repeated biting when the mosquito injects saliva that acts as an anticoagulant.
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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote Guests Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: April 10 2007 at 6:59pm
 
 
 
this is a good point we have talked about before on the board....
 
 I hope we will see more info coming out.
.......................................................................................................
 
 
Posted: January 24 2007 at 10:14pm
. "...What about mosquitoes, ..."
 ..........................................................................................................
 hi Mach...
 
I posed the question to Candles in Dec....when we were heavy into Dengue. 
 
 
The Japanese brought up this subject in..... August 2006.
 
.......................................................................................................... 
 
Posted: 12 December 2006 at 7:53pm

Candles.... 

If West Nile virus is circulating between birds and mosquitoes........

Is H5N1 circulating between birds and mosquitoes?


....................................................................................................................................................


http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/prevention_info.htm

Excerpts...


"...WN virus infection was found in both dead and
live wild birds..."

 

"...Dead birds may be a sign that West Nile virus is circulating between
birds and the mosquitoes in an area...".

..................................................................................................................

 

1: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2006 Aug;75(2):327-32.  Links
 
Detection and isolation of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza A viruses from blow flies collected in the vicinity of an infected poultry farm in Kyoto, Japan, 2004.
 
Sawabe K, Hoshino K, Isawa H, Sasaki T, Hayashi T, Tsuda Y, Kurahashi H, Tanabayashi K, Hotta A, Saito T, Yamada A, Kobayashi M.
Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan. sawabe@nih.go.jp
 
During the outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza that occurred in Tamba Town, Kyoto Prefecture in 2004, a total of 926 flies were collected from six sites within a radius of 2.3 km from the poultry farm.
 
The H5 influenza A virus genes were detected from the intestinal organs, crop, and gut of the two blow fly species, Calliphora nigribarbis and Aldrichina grahami, by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for the matrix protein (M) and hemagglutinin (HA) genes. T
 
he HA gene encoding multiple basic amino acids at the HA cleavage site indicated that this virus is a highly pathogenic strain. Based on the full-length sequences of the M, HA, and neuraminidase (NA) segments of virus isolates through embryonated chicken eggs,
 
the virus from C. nigribarbis (A/blow fly/Kyoto/93/2004) was characterized as H5N1 subtype influenza A virus and shown to have > 99.9% identities in all three RNA segments to a strain from chickens (A/chicken/Kyoto/3/2004) and crows (A/crows/Kyoto/53/2004) derived during this outbreak period in Kyoto in 2004.
 
Our results suggest it is possible that blow flies could become a mechanical transmitter of H5N1 influenza virus.
 
 
 
 
................................................................................................................
 

 

Did you know that:

There are over 3,000 mosquito species worldwide
Mosquito eggs can survive for more than five years.
One female mosquito can lay over 200 eggs at one time.
Only female mosquitoes bite and take blood. Male mosquitoes feed only on plant nectar.

Not all mosquito species bite people. Some prefer birds, or horses, or even frogs and turtles.


Mosquitoes find hosts by sight, by infrared radiation and by chemicals.

Mosquitoes infect 500 million people around the world each year with diseases, such as encephalitis and malaria.
Mosquito-induced diseases kill more than 2 million people around the world each year.
Mosquitoes are the primary food for many birds and bats. One bat can eat 200 mosquitoes in one night and birds eat hundreds of mosquitoes every day.


Why Mosquitoes are Really Bad

Because mosquitoes pierce your skin with their needle-like mouths and leave some of their saliva in your body when they bite you, they can also leave behind some nasty diseases.

In some areas of the world, these diseases kill thousands of people each year. Some of the more common diseases transmitted to people (mostly in tropical climates) by mosquitoes include:

Dengue
Encephalitis
Malaria
Yellow Fever
Mosquitoes also transmit disease to animals. These diseases include:

Heartworm -- mostly to dogs and cats
Encephalitis

"... mosquitoes can transmit encephalitis to people. To reduce your chance of getting this disease,..."

 


and they

 

http://www.zkea.com/news_archive.html?ARCHIVE=06-03-12

Dead birds may be a sign that West Nile virus is circulating between birds and the mosquitoes in an area. Over 130 species of birds are known to have been infected with West Nile virus, though not all infected birds will die. It's important to remember that birds die from many other causes besides West Nile virus.

(like....H5N1)
 
Aedes - These are sometimes called "floodwater" mosquitoes because flooding is important for their eggs to hatch. Aedes mosquitoes have abdomens with pointed tips. They include such species as the yellow-fever mosquito (Aedes aegypti) and the Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus).
 
They are strong fliers, capable of travelling great distances (up to 75 miles/121 km) from their breeding sites. They persistently bite mammals (especially humans), mainly at dawn and in the early evening. Their bites are painful.

........................................................................................................................................................

http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol7no4/kulasekera.htm


Disease isn't spread by just one type of Mosquito...........


WN virus was isolated from

Aedes vexans,
Culex pipiens,
Cx. salinarius,
Ochlerotatus triseriatus, and
Psorophora ferox,
and WN viral RNA was detected in Anopheles punctipennis.
 
An elevated weekly minimum infection rate (MIR) for Cx. pipiens and increased dead bird density were present for 2 weeks before the first human illness occurred.
 
Increasing mosquito MIRs and dead bird densities in an area may be indicators of an increasing risk for human infections. A transmission model is proposed involving Cx. pipiens and Cx. restuans as the primary enzootic and epizootic vectors among birds,
 
Cx. salinarius as the primary bridge vector for humans, and Aedes/Ochlerotatus spp. as bridge vectors for equine infection.
................................................................................................................................................................

http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol6no4/rappole.htm

West Nile virus, an Old World flavivirus related to St. Louis encephalitis virus, was first recorded in the New World during August 1999 in the borough of Queens, New York City.

Through October 1999, 62 patients, 7 of whom died, had confirmed infections with the virus. Ornithophilic mosquitoes are the principal vectors of West Nile virus in the Old World, and birds of several species, chiefly migrants, appear to be the major introductory or amplifying hosts.

If transovarial transmission or survival in overwintering mosquitoes were the principal means for its persistence, West Nile virus might not become established in the New World because of aggressive mosquito suppression campaigns conducted in the New York area.

However, the pattern of outbreaks in southern Europe

suggests that
 
viremic migratory birds may also contribute to movement of the virus. If so,
 
West Nile virus has the potential to cause outbreaks throughout both temperate and tropical regions of the Western Hemisphere.
 
 
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Points: 402 		Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote Judy Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: April 10 2007 at 7:34pm

Amazingly bad news.  Thanks for the find, Ross.
If ignorance is bliss, what is chocolate?
   
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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote Guests Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: April 10 2007 at 8:21pm
AnnHarra ,
          I realize that mosquitoes being infected with H5N1 has been
previously discussed , what I though was new was the actual  scientific
confirmation that not only could the mosquitoes pass on the infection
to humans but also that mosquitoes not normally thought of as Dengue vectors could also do the work. 

Specifically "Culex pipiens"   found widely all over the world .


I related it back to Indonesia because the recently presented Dengue statistics for that country make no sense .
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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote Guests Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: April 10 2007 at 9:25pm
 
I realize that you realized that :)
.............................................................
also that mosquitoes not normally thought of as Dengue vectors could also do the work. 

...............................................................
 
I agree...  (above)
 
 
Disease isn't spread by just one type of Mosquito...........


WN virus was isolated from

Aedes vexans,
Culex pipiens,
Cx. salinarius,
Ochlerotatus triseriatus, and
Psorophora ferox,
and WN viral RNA was detected in Anopheles punctipennis.
 
An elevated weekly minimum infection rate (MIR) for Cx. pipiens and increased dead bird density were present for 2 weeks before the first human illness occurred.
 
Increasing mosquito MIRs and dead bird densities in an area may be indicators of an increasing risk for human infections. A transmission model is proposed involving Cx. pipiens and Cx. restuans as the primary enzootic and epizootic vectors among birds,
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Points: 402 		Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote Judy Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: April 11 2007 at 12:44am
Thank you Ross and Anharra. I missed any previous discussions on this so this is new to me. I appreciate the info.
If ignorance is bliss, what is chocolate?
   
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Points: 35 		Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote Leanne Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: April 11 2007 at 12:51am
It stands to reason that mosquitoes will spread the virus.  I live near Burlington Canada and the  west nile virus is active there.  It doesnt like really cold climate and cold summers.
 
The mosquitoes that carry it like standing water to breed ,.. They tell you to empty your birdbaths old tires and avoid pools of standing water in your yard. And to remind others that dont to keep their yard clean.
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