Tracking the next pandemic: Avian Flu Talk |
Disturbing, H9N2/H1N1-2/H3N2/H5N1 and SWINE |
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Posted: April 22 2009 at 8:21am |
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The San Diego County boy and his 8-year-old brother flew from California to Dallas in early
April and are currently with relatives in Texas. Health officials also are trying to contact the
plane's flight crew and two children who sat near the boys, CDC officials said.
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How Bright is That?
Did you know? ...Swine Influenza Virus is not a reportable disease in livestock. ...
.................................................................................................................................... REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON TRANSMISSIBLE DISEASES OF SWINE
Swine Influenza Update was presented by Dr. Amy Vincent, National Animal Disease Center.
Dr. Vincent presented a background on the rise of influenza virus infections in swine. H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 viruses are currently circulating in the U.S. swine population.
Emerge via drift, shift, interspecies transmission, or re-emergence. Double and triple reassortants emerged in 1997-1998. In 2003-2005, a human-like H1N1 emerged.
H1N1 viruses have predominated since 2007. New genetic cluster of influenza viruses have been detected in the U.S. Two separate introductions of human H1 viruses have occurred containing the TRIG cassette which has been highly successful in swine.
Limited serum cross-reactivity with swine H1. Zoonotic potential is unknown.
An H2N3 virus has been detected from two swine farms in Missouri with some changes suggesting adaptation from avian to mammal receptor binding. No human illness has been reported. No evidence that the virus is still circulating.
...New surveillance streams, including serological analysis stream, are anticipated early summer 2009. This will include National Animal Health Laboratory Network (NAHLN) laboratories.
Swine Influenza Surveillance System was presented by Dr. John Korslund, Veterinary Services (VS). VS submitted 2010 budget request for SIV reagent preparation, strain prevalence data, and reports of declining efficacy of commercial vaccines. CDC approached VS with request for proposals for SIV surveillance related to zoonotic issues. VS put together a proposal to CDC’s Coordinating Center forInfectious Diseases under Dr. Lonnie King. VS’ proposed 2015 vision SIV goals:
•improve SIV epidemiology; •speed vaccine approval; •improve swine diagnostics; •proactive response toward a potential pH issue; and •retain jurisdiction over animal health issues. SIV Surveillance plan: Case definition for isolates of interest: •Diagnostic laboratory submissions: o non-typable isolates; o “novel” SIV isolates; and o unusually severe or atypical clinical presentations •Suspected concurrent human and swine SIV infection:o public venue; and o pig herd linked epidemiologically.
The current plan would ask veterinarians to voluntarily report suspected human infection and lays out the distribution of isolates and information between stakeholder groups. All on-farm submissions are voluntary because SIV is not a reportable disease in livestock.
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So what do they KNOW...that the pigs have? besides H5N1....
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since...December 22, 2003
Reassortant H1N1The new strain - known as reassortant H1N1 (rH1N1) - emerged from a process called genetic reassortment, which occurs when a single cell is infected by two different influenza viruses. The result is a "progeny virus" containing genetic material from both "parents." article here- and then..
variants of ....triple-reassortant H3N2 and H1N2...... and reassortant H1N1
Since 1998, SIV has moved from a single, stable virus to a virus with the ability to
reconfigure itself to the point where it may avoid control by existing vaccines.
This bodes ill for stopping the reassortng with H4n6 found in Ontario Canada in 1999
and H5N1 found in pigs in China....in August, 2004....and H9N2 since 2006.
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Journal of Clinical Microbiology, March 2009, p. 796-799, Vol. 47, No. 3 Characterization of a Canadian Mink H3N2 Influenza A Virus Isolate Genetically Related to Triple Reassortant Swine Influenza VirusCarl A. Gagnon,1,2* Grant Spearman,3 Andre Hamel,4 Dale L. Godson,5 Audrey Fortin,2 Guy Fontaine,1 and Donald Tremblay1Service de Diagnostic,1 Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada,2 Nova Scotia Department of Agriculture, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada,3 Veterinary Diagnostic Services Manitoba Agriculture, Food and Rural Initiatives, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada,4 Prairie Diagnostic Services, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada5 Received 28 June 2008/ Returned for modification 3 November 2008/ Accepted 22 December 2008 In 2007, an H3N2 influenza A virus was isolated from Canadian mink. This virus was found to be phylogenetically related to a triple reassortant influenza virus which emerged in Canadian swine in 2005, but it is antigenically distinct. The transmission of the virus from swine to mink seems to have occurred following the feeding of animals with a ration composed of uncooked meat by-products of swine obtained from slaughterhouse facilities. .........................
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Classical Swine Fever in Israel
Note: Defra's Global Animal Health (GAH) monitors outbreaks of high impact diseases around the world. Classical Swine Fever (CSF) is among those diseases of major concern.http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/diseases/monitoring/pdf/csf-israel090305.pdf |
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What do we know about human-to-human spread of swine flu?
In September 1988, a previously healthy 32-year-old pregnant woman was hospitalized for pneumonia and died 8 days later. A swine H1N1 flu virus was detected. Four days before getting sick, the patient visited a county fair swine exhibition where there was widespread influenza-like illness among the swine. ...fever, lethargy, lack of appetite and coughing. Some people with swine flu also have reported runny nose, sore throat, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.
Not known to have a high death rate...
from
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Please Note
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South Dakota reports swine flu case............................................................................................. Lisa Schnirring Staff Writer Jan 15, 2009 (CIDRAP News) – Public health officials from South Dakota yesterday reported a swine influenza infection in a 19-year-old male college student, the second case in the United States in the past 2 months. The South Dakota Department of Health (SDDH) said in a press release that the patient got sick 5 weeks ago and that the state's public health laboratory had identified the influenza A/H1 portion of the virus and that the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) identified the swine components of the virus. The CDC typically receives about one report of a human swine flu case a year, the SDDH statement said. In late November the CDC, in one of its seasonal influenza activity updates, reported on a patient from Texas who was infected with swine influenza after exposure to pigs, including a sick one. Human infections with novel influenza A subtypes now are nationally notifiable diseases in the United States Lon Kightlinger, PhD, epidemiologist for the SDDH, said in the statement that swine influenza in humans is rare. "Most often the cases occur in people with direct exposure to pigs, such as swine farm workers," he said. "Human-to-human transmission is very rare." Kightlinger told CIDRAP News that an investigation into the source of the man's illness did not reveal direct contact with pigs; however, officials are exploring whether he had indirect contact. Human infections with novel influenza A subtypes now are nationally notifiable diseases in the United States. In a recent report in the September issue of Emerging Infectious Diseases on a 2005 Wisconsin case, the authors wrote that triple reassortant H1N1 subtypes are the predominant genotype in North American pigs and that human swine flu illnesses often mimic seasonal flu infections. They recommended that clinicians ask patients with unexplained influenza-like illnesses about exposure to animals, including pigs, and visits to petting zoos and county fairs. The CDC had noted that swine flu outbreaks in pigs typically occur in late fall and winter and that seasonal influenza vaccines are likely to partially protect against swine H3N2 viruses, but not the H1N1 subtype. See also: Jan 14 SDDH press release Nov 24, 2008, CIDRAP News story "CDC reports swine flu virus in Texas patient" CDC swine flu background |
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Because these viruses carry a unique combination of genes, no information currently is available regarding the efficiency of transmission in swine or in humans.
EXCERPT FROM POST
ABOVE .. CDC REPORT
......................................
The lack of known exposure to pigs in the two cases described in this report increases the possibility that human-to-human transmission of this new influenza virus has occurred.
Clinicians should consider animal as well as seasonal influenza virus infections in the differential diagnosis of patients with febrile respiratory illness who live in San Diego and Imperial counties or have traveled to these areas or been in contact with ill persons from these areas in the 7 days before their illness onset.
In addition, clinicians should consider animal influenza infections among persons with febrile respiratory illness who have been near pigs, such as attending fairs or other places where pigs might be displayed.
Clinicians who suspect swine influenza virus infections in humans should obtain a nasopharyngeal swab from the patient, place the swab in a viral transport medium, and contact their state or local health department to facilitate transport and timely diagnosis at a state public health laboratory.
CDC requests that state public health laboratories send all influenza A specimens that cannot be subtyped to the CDC, Influenza Division, Virus Surveillance and Diagnostics Branch Laboratory.
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FOUR HOURS AGO....
Swine Flu Sickens 2 California KidsCDC Believes Flu Was Contracted in Person-to-Person Spread
By Daniel J. DeNoon
WebMD Health News Reviewed by Louise Chang, MD
April 21, 2009 -- Two California children got sick with a mysterious new strain of swine flu -- and the CDC thinks they got the pig virus via person-to-person contact. Both kids, a 10-year-old boy from San Diego County and a 9-year-old girl from Imperial County, are now well. However, the girl had a 104.3-degree fever before she recovered. And the boy traveled by airplane from San Diego to Dallas while he still had flu symptoms. Is this the first sign of a flu pandemic? That's possible, but not likely, says Lyn Finelli, DrPH, chief of flu surveillance at the CDC. "While we have a low index of suspicion this is a pandemic, we are being careful to rule out any possibility," Finelli says. "We don't know yet." "We have here detection of two cases of swine flu virus in children. We are trying to figure out where they came from and how serious they are," says Dan Jernigan, MD, MPH, deputy director of the CDC's influenza division. The CDC has dozens of people tracing the children's contacts, beginning with close family members. Each of the children had two family members come down with the flu -- in both cases, one family member had the flu before the child had the flu, and one after. All recovered, but flu virus was not obtained from any of these family members while they still had symptoms. Over the weekend, the CDC developed a specific test for the new swine flu virus; testing of the children's contacts is now under way. It's likely that the tests will reveal other people who recovered from the infection. CDC has not activated its Atlanta-based command center. But California has, Finelli says, and is putting all available health care workers on the job of tracking down the children's contacts. Both children attended school, and California authorities are planning to trace the children's school contacts. Meanwhile, the 10-year-old boy remains in the Dallas area and has made a full recovery from his one-week symptoms of fever, cough, and vomiting. So far, the CDC says, Texas health authorities have not found any new infections. The boy traveled to Texas with three other children unaccompanied by adults; crew members who assisted the children are now being tested. The CDC is withholding the name of the airline that flew the boy and his three companions from San Diego to Dallas on April 3. Swine flu viruses don't normally infect humans. When they do, it's almost always because of contact with an infected pig. But neither child had any direct contact with pigs. Moreover, the viruses recovered from the children are not like the swine flu viruses common among pigs. That raises the specter of human-to-human spread of the virus, Finelli says. ARTICLE CONTINUED HERE....
PLEASE ALSO READ THE POST ABOVE THIS ONE FOR INFO FROM EUROPE....
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As of week 03/2008, 16 European countries have reported significant influenza activity
(Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, France, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Northern Ireland, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, Spain and Switzerland).
Of the total virus detections since week 40/2007 (N=3447), 81% have been influenza A and 19% influenza B, and
the predominant viruses circulating in most countries have been A(H1N1) similar to the A/Solomon Islands/3/2007 vaccine strain [1].
The presence of oseltamivir-resistant viruses circulating in the community in several European countries (Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden and United Kingdom)
is in marked contrast to the previous winter seasons of 2004/2005, 2005/2006, and 2006/2007, when oseltamivir resistance was detected in <1% of circulating strains from 24 countries.
A total of 437 influenza A(H1N1) viruses, isolated between November 2007 and January 2008,
were tested using measurement of neuraminidase (NA) enzyme activity in the presence of oseltamivir to determine the drug-sensitivity (IC50) of the viral enzyme (2) in conjunction with sequence analysis of the viral neuraminidase gene.
To date, oseltamivir-resistant viruses have been detected in nine countries
(Table 1);
in particular, 26 of 37 (70%) in Norway, 15 of 87(17%) in France, 3 of 43 (7.0%) in Germany and 8 of 162(5%) in the United Kingdom carry the same mutation, causing the substitution of histidine by tyrosine at residue 274 (H274Y) of the neuraminidase, which is known to confer a high level resistance to oseltamivir.
Viruses bearing this mutation, when tested in enzyme assays, showed a reduction of approximately 400 fold in susceptibility to oseltamivir (IC50 values increased from approximately 1nM to more than 400nM). All these viruses remain sensitive to the other anti-neuraminidase drug zanamivir and to the anti-M2 drugs amantadine and rimantadine.
The resistant (H274Y) viruses have been isolated from both adults and children, ranging from 1 month to 61 years in age, with the majority of viruses being isolated from adults. So far, there is no information that any of these viruses, in any country, has been obtained from a person who has either been treated or been in close contact with another individual who has been treated with oseltamivir. We therefore conclude that the identification of these oseltamivir-resistant viruses as a substantial proportion of circulating viruses, particularly in Norway, is the first clear evidence that influenza A(H1N1) virus with the H274Y mutation can readily transmit between individuals.
(It is concluded that European swine H1N1 viruses can
infect humans directly, causing serious disease
without the need for any reassortment event. )
More extensive surveillance within Europe and in other parts of the world is required
to establish the relative prevalence and geographical distribution of these resistant viruses,
and to evaluate their potential impact on the effectiveness of drug use. The spectrum of clinical illness associated with infection by oseltamivir-resistant viruses remains to be fully determined, although limited information from initial clinical cases does not suggest unusual disease syndromes. Although the resistant viruses have been isolated from November through January, the ability of these viruses to persist throughout the influenza season, and from one season to the next, will require continuous world-wide surveillance by the WHO Global Influenza Surveillance Network. Determining the origins and genesis of these drug-resistant strains, which appear to have emerged in regions of the world where there is little drug pressure, will be important in understanding the emergence and persistence of oseltamivir resistance in relation to the evolution of influenza viruses and drug use.
Acknowledgements: We would like thank all members of EISS laboratories for contributing viruses and data, particularly VIRGIL colleagues Dr Bruno Lina (Lyon) and Dr Sylvie van der Werf (Paris). Funding support from EU FP6 Programme for VIRGIL Contract No 503359.
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.
China currently has a very grim situation of -
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV),
also known as Blue-Ear Pig Disease
This economically important pandemic disease causes reproductive failure in breeding stock (PREGNANT) and respiratory tract
illness in >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>YOUNG pigs.
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never fear... the LAB is here-
May 30 2007 ~ US: Rapid diagnosis mobile laboratory to offer a rapid diagnosis for animal diseases like avian influenza, foot and mouth disease
May 30 2007 ~ Dr. Marion Lyons : "Investigations also show that, when it spreads from person to person, the illness experienced becomes milder."
Today, a ProMed moderator said (CP) :" There is no unequivocal evidence to suggest that the H7N2 virus exhibits an enhanced ability to spread from person to person.. CIDRAP news quotes other experts, who say the focus on the H5N1 subtype's pandemic potential is justified. "We know that H7 can cause outbreaks in chickens and that it can occasionally jump the species barrier, but it has not done it nearly to the extent of the H5N1 virus," said Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. David Halvorson, DVM, a veterinarian in avian health at the University of Minnesota in St Paul, told CIDRAP News that H5 and H7 subtypes both have the ability to generate a highly pathogenic virus of the same subtype, but there's no way to project when and if such evolution will occur."
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It is still a problem in China..... in 2009
Veterinarians across China are fighting a deadly disease threatening the pig population, the blue-ear virus being reported in 26 of the 33 Chinese provinces.
According to the authorities, this new strain of virus affects most categories of pigs including boars. The original form of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)- also known as blue-ear pig disease- affected only sows and piglets, but across time it suffered mutations and became more deadly. Approximately 257,000 cases have been reported by the authorities, but other sources sustain the number of infested pigs reaches millions. Veterinary officials and farmers began a campaign of immunization across the country, about 175,000 animals being culled. |
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http://www.lookatvietnam.com/2009/04/blue-ear-pig-disease-now-under-control.htmlBlue-ear pig disease now under control................................................................................................................ April 13, 2009 about News, SocialBlue-ear pig disease has been brought under control thanks to the introduction of a series of tough measures to combat diseases in cattle and poultry on a nationwide scale. This disease broke out in Quang Nam province in February and spread quickly to 31 communes in such 4 districts of Dien Ban, Que Son, Thang Binh and Duy Xuyen, infecting 3,000 pigs. However, on April 11, the province announced that it had dealt with the outbreak successfully and had put it under control. Meanwhile, Bac Giang province has been taken off the national list of provinces infected with foot-and-mouth disease but Kon Tum and Son La provinces have still reported cases of the disease in the last 21 days. Now bird flu is only existent in Dien Bien province. VietNamNet/VOV |
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.
(I Swear Their Gonna Kill Us All)
how bright is this?
Well ya know pigs can't get H5N1 all that easy....so what we went and did was to stuff it up their noses just to see what we could see....you know....whatever might happen if ya just kinda mix the stuff all together in a pig....what can ya get? Cause for sure we want to have a vaccine ready to knock it out, damn the human race anyway. Hand me that pig ...
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It is generally believed that pigs can serve as an intermediate host for the transmission of avian influenza viruses to humans or as mixing vessels for the generation of avian–human reassortant viruses. Here we describe the antigenic and genetic characterization of two influenza A (H1N1) viruses, which were isolated in The Netherlands from two patients who suffered from pneumonia.
Both viruses proved to be antigenically and genetically similar to avian-like swine influenza A (H1N1) viruses which currently circulate in European pigs.
It is concluded that European swine H1N1 viruses can infect humans directly, causing serious disease without the need for any reassortment event.
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In the United States, the classic H1N1 subtype was exclusively prevalent among swine populations before 1998;
however, since late August 1998, H3N2 subtypes have been isolated from pigs. Most H3N2
virus isolates are triple reassortants, containing genes from human (HA, NA, and PB1),
swine (NS, NP, and M), and avian (PB2 and PA) lineages. [...] Present vaccination
strategies for SIV control and prevention in swine farms typically include the use of 1 of several bivalent SIV vaccines commercially available in the United States.
Of the 97 recent H3N2 isolates examined, only 41 isolates had strong serologic cross-reactions with antiserum to 3 commercial SIV vaccines.
Since the protective ability of influenza vaccines depends primarily on the closeness of the match between the vaccine virus and the epidemic virus, the presence of nonreactive H3N2 SIV variants suggests that current commercial vaccines might not effectively protect pigs from infection with a majority of H3N2 viruses."
Avian influenza virus H3N2 H3N2 H3N2 is a subtype of the Influenzavirus A. Its name derives from the forms of the two kinds of proteins on the surface of its coat, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase .... is endemic in pig Pig Pigs, also called hogs or swine, are a genus of even-toed ungulates within the Family Suidae. The name pig, hog, or swine most commonly refers to the Domestic pig in everyday parlance, but technically encompasses several distinct species, including the Wild Boar.... s in China China China is a Culture of China, an ancient civilization, and, depending on perspective, a national or multinational entity extending over a large area in East Asia.... and has been detected in pigs in Vietnam, increasing fears of the emergence of new variant strains. Health experts say pigs can carry human influenza Influenza Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is an infectious disease that affects birds and mammals caused by RNA viruses of the biological family Orthomyxoviridae .... viruses, which can combine (i.e. exchange homologous genome sub-units by genetic reassortment Reassortment Reassortment is the mixing of the genetics of two similar viruses that are infecting the same cell. In particular, reassortment occurs among influenza viruses, whose genomes consist of 8 distinct segments of RNA.... ) with H5N1 H5N1 Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, also known as "bird flu," A or simply H5N1, is a subtype of the Influenzavirus A which can cause illness in humans and many other animal species.... , passing gene Gene A gene is the basic unit of heredity in a living organism. All living things depend on genes. Genes hold the information to build and maintain their cell and pass genetic trait to offspring.... s and mutating into a form which can pass easily among humans. H3N2 evolved from H2N2 H2N2 H2N2 is a subtype of the species Influenzavirus A . H2N2 has mutated into various strains including the Asian Flu strain , H3N2, and various strains found in birds.... by antigenic shift Antigenic shift Antigenic shift is the process by which at least two different strains of a virus, , especially influenza, combine to form a new subtype having a mixture of the surface antigens of the two original strains.... H3N2 H3N2 is a subtype of the Influenzavirus A. Its name derives from the forms of the two kinds of proteins on the surface of its coat, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase .... . Measured resistance to the standard antiviral drugs amantadine Amantadine Amantadine is the organic compound known formally as 1-aminoadamantane. The molecule consists of adamantane backbone that is substituted at one of the four methyne positions with an amino group.... and rimantadine Rimantadine Rimantadine is an orally administered antiviral drug used to treat, and in rare cases prevent, Influenzavirus A infection. When taken within one to two days of developing symptoms, rimantadine can shorten the duration and moderate the severity of influenza.... in H3N2 in humans has increased to 91% in 2005. A combination of these two subtypes of the species known as the avian influenza virus in a country like China is a worst case scenario.
In August 2004, researchers in China found H5N1 in pigs.
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2001.....on line.....2003 Evolving H3N2 and emerging H1N2 swine influenza viruses in the United States
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Richard J. Webbya, Sabrina L. Swensonb, Scott L. Kraussa, Sagar M. Goyalc, Kurt D. Rossowc and Robert G. Webstera, d, , Abstract
Background: Reassortant H3N2 influenza viruses have recently become established in swine populations throughout the United States. Viruses of two genotypes (a human and swine virus reassortant and a human, swine, and avian virus reassortant) were isolated from swine during the index disease outbreaks.
Methods: To identify the genetic composition of the currently circulating viruses, we sequenced the genes of seven isolates from different infected herds. Results: Six viruses contained the human/swine/avian gene complex, but the complex was associated with three phylogenetically distinct human H3 haemagglutinins (HA). The remaining virus was an H1N2 reassortant containing seven genes similar to those of swine H3N2 viruses and an HA gene derived from a classical-swine H1N1 virus. The non-HA genes of this H1N2 virus were more similar to those of swine H3N2 viruses than to those of the recently reported H1N2 swine virus from Indiana [J. Clin. Microbiol. 38 (2000) 2453]. This finding suggests that each of the H1N2 viruses were derived through independent reassortment events.
Conclusions: We conclude that viruses containing the avian-like genes are primarily responsible for the increased prevalence of H3N2 viruses throughout U.S. swine populations. H3N2 viruses have continued to spread and have undergone further reassortment with human and swine viruses resulting in the emergence of viruses with distinct antigenicity and subtype.
Author Keywords: Porcine influenza A virus; Reassortant virus; Antigenic drift
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H3N2 has tended to dominate in prevalence over H1N1, H1N2, and influenza B.
Measured resistance to the standard antiviral drugs amantadine and rimantadine in H3N2 has increased from 1% in 1994 ...
to 91% in 2005. [1]
cause Swine influenza viruses infections. [2] [3] Also recently H2N3. [4]
Swine flu cases in Calif. worry health officials
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variant of H1N1 was responsible for the Spanish flu pandemic that killed some 50 million to 100 million people worldwide over about a year in 1918 and 1919. [1]
A different variant exists in pig populations. Controversy arose in October 2005, after the H1N1 genome was published in the journal Science. Many fear that this information could be used for bioterrorism.
"When he compared the 1918 virus with today's human flu viruses, Dr. Taubenberger noticed that it had alterations in just 25 to 30 of the virus's 4,400 amino acids. Those few changes turned a bird virus into a killer that could spread from person to person." [2] Low pathogenic H1N1 strains still exist in the wild today, causing roughly half of all flu infections in 2006. [3] source
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.
Swine flu cases in Calif. worry health officials
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Why am I NOT SURPRISED?
hello?
.....................................
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcine_Reproductive_and_Respiratory_Syndrome
........................................................................................................... excerpt- (PubMed)
... our finding provides further evidence about the interspecies transmission of avian influenza viruses
to pigs and emphasizes the importance of reinforcing swine influenza virus (SIV) surveillance,
especially after the emergence of highly pathogenic PRRSVs in pigs in China.
...All the eight gene segments of the four swine H9N2 viruses are highly homologous to
A/Pigeon/Nanchang/2-0461/00 (H9N2)
or
A/Wild Duck/Nanchang/2-0480/00 (H9N2).
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2008 Isolation and Identification of Swine Influenza A Subtype H3N2 Strain and Sequencing of the Virus Genome SUN Zhi-yong;GUO Wan-zhu; HAN Guo-quan;CHEN Jin-hui;WANG Xiao-yu;XU Zhi-wen 1.Animal Biotechnology Centre of Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014,China;2.Dongguan Inspection and Quarantine Bureau,Dongguan 523072,China
Abstract
A influenza virus strain was isolated from a pig farm in Sichuan province and identified by HA, HI and RT-PCR and some other methods,
then it was named A/swine/Sichuan/01/2006(H3N2).
The virus could not only passage stably in SPF embryonated eggs but also multiply in MDCK cell line and induce conspicuous pathological changes.
The sequence analysis indicated that the nucleotide sequence of
A/swine/Sichuan/01/2006(H3N2) strain shared 99% homology with standard strains
A/swine/Hong Kong/4361/99(H3N2),
A/New York/429/2003(H3N2),
A/Queensland/6/ 2000 (H3N2) and
A/New South Wales/4/1999(H3N2).
The results of sequence analysis indicated that the genome of
A/swine/Sichuan/01/2006(H3N2)strain
includes 8 fragments and the total sequence is 13 577 bp.
Phylogenetic trees based on HA and NA protein gene deduced amino acid sequence showed that
A/swine/Sichuan/01/2006(H3N2)
have close relationship with the standard strains
A/Queensland/6/2000(H3N2) and
A/South Australia/ 81 / 2000 (H3N2).
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http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/influenza/avianflu/biofacts/avflu_human.html
A recent report, however, suggests that human infections with H9N2 viruses may be more common than previously recognized (see References: Wan 2008). The authors also concluded that H9N2 viruses can evolve extensively and reassort, suggesting that they may be capable of undergoing further adaptation for more efficient transmission among mammals, including humans. more on H9N2... Clinical signs ranged from very mild disease to high morbidity and mortality when the virus was associated with a secondary pathogen
........................... Mary08 |
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Vet Microbiol. 2000 May 22;74(1-2):141-7.
Interspecies transmission of influenza viruses:
H5N1 virus and a Hong Kong SAR perspective.
Shortridge KF, Gao P, Guan Y, Ito T, Kawaoka Y, Markwell D, Takada A, Webster RG.
...It highlights the role of the chicken in the many live poultry markets as the source of the virus for humans. The slaughter of chicken and other poultry across the SAR seemingly averted an influenza pandemic.
This perspective from Hong Kong SAR marks the coming-of-age of acceptance of the role of avian hosts as a source of pandemic human influenza viruses and offers the prospect of providing a good baseline for influenza pandemic preparedness in the future. Improved surveillance is the key.
This is illustrated through the H9N2 virus which appears to have provided the 'replicating' genes for the H5N1 virus and which has since been isolated in the SAR from poultry, pigs and humans highlighting its propensity for interspecies transmission.
PMID: 10799786 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.
Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_Discovery_RA&linkpos=4&log$=relatedreview
s&logdbfrom=pubmed
Mary08................
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Reassortant viruses represented by A/Chicken/Hong Kong/G9/97 (H9N2) were the major H9N2 influenza viruses circulating in the Hong Kong markets in 1997 but have not been detected since the chicken slaughter in 1997.
The Qa/HK/G1/97-like viruses were frequently isolated from quail, while Dk/HK/Y280/97-like viruses were predominately associated with chickens. The Qa/HK/G1/97-like viruses were evolving relatively rapidly, especially in their PB2, HA, NP, and NA genes,
suggesting that they are in the process of adapting to a new host.
Experimental studies showed that both H9N2 lineages were primarily spread by the
aerosol route and that neither quail nor chickens showed evidence of disease. The high prevalence of quail infected with Qa/HK/G1/97-like virus that contains six gene segments genetically highly related to HK/156/97 (H5N1) virus emphasizes the need for surveillance of mammals including humans.
from-
The transmission of H9N2 influenza viruses to humans and the realization that the A/Hong
Kong/156/97-like (H5N1) (abbreviated HK/156/97) genome complex may be present in
H9N2 viruses in southeastern China necessitated a study of the distribution and
characterization of H9N2 viruses in poultry in the Hong Kong SAR in 1999. Serological
studies indicated that H9N2 influenza viruses had infected a high proportion of chickens
and other land-based birds (pigeon, pheasant, quail, guinea fowl, and chukka) from
southeastern China.
Two lineages of H9N2 influenza viruses present in the live-poultry markets were represented by A/Quail/Hong Kong/G1/97 (Qa/HK/G1/97)-like and A/Duck/Hong Kong/Y280/97 (Dk/HK/Y280/97)-like viruses. Up to 16% of cages of quail in the poultry markets contained Qa/HK/G1/97-like viruses, while about 5% of cages of other land-based birds were infected with Dk/HK/Y280/97-like viruses. No reassortant between the two H9N2 virus lineages was detected despite their cocirculation in the poultry markets. Reassortant viruses represented by A/Chicken/Hong Kong/G9/97 (H9N2) were the major H9N2 influenza viruses circulating in the Hong Kong markets in 1997 but have not been detected since the chicken slaughter in 1997. The Qa/HK/G1/97-like viruses were frequently isolated from quail, while Dk/HK/Y280/97-like viruses were predominately associated with chickens. The Qa/HK/G1/97-like viruses were evolving relatively rapidly, especially in their PB2, HA, NP, and NA genes, suggesting that they are in the process of adapting to a new host. Experimental studies showed that both H9N2 lineages were primarily spread by the aerosol route and that neither quail nor chickens showed evidence of disease. The high prevalence of quail infected with Qa/HK/G1/97-like virus that contains six gene segments genetically highly related to HK/156/97 (H5N1) virus emphasizes the need for surveillance of mammals including humans.
PMID: 11000205 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Mary08...
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Good stuff Mary. This is one of our big possibles to combine with H1N1 or run with H3N2. These off strains have more of a chance to slip through the cracks.
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source- www.animalagriculture.org/Solutions/Proceedings/Annual%20Meeting/2009/Poultry/Miles,%20Andrea.pdf
Andrea M. Miles, DVM, PhDNational Institute for Animal Agriculture April 1st 2009 Page 22 previous 5 yearsBad News:• H5N1 is “endemic” in 5 countries• Sporadic H5N1 outbreaks
can be expected to continue • H9N2 is endemic in the Middle East and Asia, can be
expected to spread • H9N2 may be a bigger threat than H5N1 for a
human pandemic due to
prevalence and human susceptibility
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Page 23
WHO: Priorities for Pandemic Prevention and PreparednessReduce human exposure to
H5N1 virus• Perhaps we should add H9N2?Strengthen early warning systemsIntensify r
rapid containment operations Build local capacityCoordinate global research
..................................
From China News
.................................
(Source: Sohu News January 8, 2009)
Hong Kong: H9N2 cases, gene sequencing showed the virus from birds Hong Kong Center for Health Protection Department of Health, January 7 has been
completed in December 2008 from a two-month-old girl made the H9N2 virus gene
sequencing studies showed that all genes are from birds.
A CHP spokesman said that virus samples obtained from girls of all eight gene order has
been completed. He said: "The gene sequencing showed that they are avian in nature,
has not found and the human influenza virus genes portfolio." "Viruses, and another in
2007 involving a nine-month-girls very similar to H9N2 viruses. "
.....................................................
Mary April 14, 2009
......................................................
Avian influenza viruses infecting humans.Subbarao K, Katz J. Influenza Branch, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA. DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_Discovery_RA&linkpos=5&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed
Avian species, particularly waterfowl, are the natural hosts of influenza A viruses. Influenza viruses bearing each of the 15 hemagglutinin and nine neuraminidase subtypes infect birds and serve as a reservoir from which influenza viruses or genes are introduced into the human population. Viruses with novel hemagglutinin genes derived from avian influenza viruses, with or without other accompanying avian influenza virus genes, have the potential for pandemic spread when the human population lacks protective immunity against the new hemagglutinin.
Avian influenza viruses were thought to be limited in their ability to directly infect humans until 1997, when 18 human infections with avian influenza H5N1 viruses occurred in Hong Kong.
In 1999, two human infections with avian influenza H9N2 viruses were also identified in Hong Kong. These events established that avian viruses could infect humans without acquiring human influenza genes by reassortment in an intermediate host
and highlighted challenges associated with the detection of human immune responses to
avian nfluenza viruses and the development of appropriate vaccines.
PMID: 11130181 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
.......................................................................................
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.
H9N2?
Will they tell us the avian strain?
......................................................
From Hong Kong
..........................................
Egypt: Avian Influenza, human Egypt reported 4 new human cases of Avian Influenza virus infection.
These 4 cases were
a 2.5-year-old female from the Qena District, Qena Governorate,
a 2-year-old boy and
a 21-month-old boy from Al-Bahaira province, and
a 6-year-old boy from Shubra El-Khemia, Qalyubia.
The first three cases remained in a stable condition and the fourth case’s condition was critical.
Of the 63 cases confirmed to date in Egypt, 23 have been fatal.
(Source: World Health Organization 30 March 2009 & ProMED-mail 2, 4 & 6 April 2009)
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Girl's H9N2 virus confirmed of avian origin in HK
excerpt from-
...The virus is highly similar to the H9N2 virus isolated from another case involving a nine-month-old girl in 2007, the center said.
The virus found in the two-month-old girl was sensitive to antiviral medicines Tamiflu and Amantadine. The girl is being treated in Tuen Mun Hospital for another disease. Her symptoms of H9N2 infection have subsided. Samples taken from her on Jan. 2 tested negative for H9N2. Her close contacts did not develop symptoms of H9N2 infection. .....................................
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They do test.... and thery do know, what is where...
The FLOCKSCREEN™ AI-4 kit,
combines the AI-1 and AI-3 kits in a single product, providing a 400 test product that may
be used to detect Group A, H5, H7 and H9 targets in any combination up to a total
maximum of 400 reactions.
........................................
.....................
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.
How 'Silent' is H9N2?
China and Hong Kong seem to be rather open on the DANGER of H9N2
....................................................................................................................
Excerpt from Yahoo Hong Kong
Wednesday, April 15
24°C 88 % Temperature 24 ° C Humidity 88%
......................................
Ming Pao Daily News,
a newsletter with his family a long time girl living in Shenzhen, Hong Kong Tuen Mun Hospital due to a doctor, was diagnosed with avian influenza H9N2 infection.
...Experts advise:
Do not underestimate the threat of H9N2
Experts believe that the world's attention to the focus of bird flu, mostly on high pathogenicity, mortality of the H5N1 virus, the threat of H9N2 had not been sufficient attention. Professor Wei Bosi in July this year attended a seminar in Hong Kong, warning of the
greater risk of H9N2, which is a silent virus, more easily transmitted.
H9N2 avian influenza virus characteristics, are considered more "human" and more capable
than the impact of H5N1 human cell receptors, so that the virus easier to invasive cells.
Now on the H5N1 bird flu worldwide, there are more comprehensive measures to deal
with, but experts believe that the world should be on guard against the same H9N2 bird flu
Experts believe that the world's attention to the focus of bird flu, mostly on high pathogenicity, mortality of the H5N1 virus, the threat of H9N2 had not been sufficient
attention. Professor Wei Bosi in July this year attended a seminar in Hong Kong, warning of
the greater risk of H9N2, which is a silent virus, more easily transmitted.
H9N2 avian influenza virus characteristics, are considered more "human" and more capable
than the impact of H5N1 human cell receptors, so that the virus easier to invasive cells.
Now on the H5N1 bird flu worldwide, there are more comprehensive measures to deal
with, but experts believe that the world should be on guard against the same H9N2 bird flu
Welcome to respond to
editorial@mingpao.com article here-
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more from Google
'Influenza' news in 'Influenza Issue' topic for user quesoboyReuters - The Indian government confirmed on Thursday that the latest ... Antigenic and genetic characterization of H9N2 swine influenza viruses in China. ...
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Veterinary Microbiology : Isolation and pathotyping of H9N2 avian ...
Further characterization of Indian H9N2 isolates is required to understand ..... We also thank the DADF, MOA, Government of India for their co-operation and ...
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.
Tuesday April 14, 2009
.........................................
Mary (hoping Time /Newsweek/US News &World Report will pick up on this)
Are young children being infected with?
H9N2
............ Raging in pigs in CHINA SINCE 2006
.........................................................
excerpt-
China currently has a very grim situation of -
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV),
also known as Blue-Ear Pig Disease
This economically important pandemic disease causes reproductive failure in breeding stock (PREGNANT) and respiratory tract
illness in >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>YOUNG pigs.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcine_Reproductive_and_Respiratory_Syndrome
........................................................................................................... excerpt- (PubMed)
... our finding provides further evidence about the interspecies transmission of avian influenza viruses
to pigs and emphasizes the importance of reinforcing swine influenza virus (SIV) surveillance,
especially after the emergence of highly pathogenic PRRSVs in pigs in China.
...All the eight gene segments of the four swine H9N2 viruses are highly homologous to
A/Pigeon/Nanchang/2-0461/00 (H9N2)
or
A/Wild Duck/Nanchang/2-0480/00 (H9N2).
from- PubMed China.Yu H, Hua RH, Wei TC, Zhou YJ, Tian ZJ, Li GX, Liu TQ, Tong GZ.
National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China. As pigs are susceptible to infection with both avian and human influenza A viruses, they have been proposed to be an intermediate host for the adaptation of avian influenza viruses to humans.
In April 2006, a disease caused by highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) occurred in several pig farms and subsequently overwhelmed almost half of China with more than 2,000,000 cases of pig infection. Here we report a case in which four swine H9N2 influenza viruses were isolated from pigs infected by highly pathogenic PRRSVs in Guangxi province in China.
All the eight gene segments of the four swine H9N2 viruses are highly homologous to
A/Pigeon/Nanchang/2-0461/00 (H9N2) or A/Wild Duck/Nanchang/2-0480/00 (H9N2). Phylogenetic analyses of eight genes show that the swine H9N2 influenza viruses are of avian origin
and may be the descendants of A/Duck/Hong Kong/Y280/97-like viruses. Molecular analysis of the HA gene indicates that our H9N2 isolates might have high-affinity binding to the alpha2,6-NeuAcGal receptor found in human cells. In conclusion, our finding provides further evidence about the interspecies transmission of avian influenza viruses to pigs and emphasizes the importance of reinforcing swine influenza virus (SIV) surveillance, especially after the emergence of highly pathogenic PRRSVs in pigs in China. PMID: 18403137 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Related articles
Swine infection with H9N2 influenza viruses in China in 2004. Virus Genes. 2008 Jun; 36(3):461-9. Epub 2008 Apr 10. [Virus Genes. 2008] Antigenic and genetic characterization of H9N2 swine influenza viruses in China. J Gen Virol. 2007 Jul; 88(Pt 7):2035-41. [J Gen Virol. 2007] Cocirculation of avian H9N2 and contemporary "human" H3N2 influenza A viruses in pigs in southeastern China: potential for genetic reassortment? J Virol. 2001 Oct; 75(20):9679-86. [J Virol. 2001] ReviewAvian influenza and human health. Acta Trop. 2002 Jul; 83(1):1-6. [Acta Trop. 2002] ReviewRecent zoonoses caused by influenza A viruses. Rev Sci Tech. 2000 Apr; 19(1):197-225. [Rev Sci Tech. 2000] .................................................................................................................... China is making an effort, but will it be enough?
excerpt from...
Dazhu County People's Government Office
Do a good job in the spring of 2009 on animal epidemic prevention notice People's Government of the township, county-level departments:
For the full completion of the work of animal epidemic prevention this year, the goals and tasks, to enhance the immune animal density and the quality of immunization to ensure that the county clean without major animal disease epidemic and the quality and safety of livestock products. Now do a good job this spring on the practical matters related to animal epidemic prevention notice is as follows. First, to enhance understanding, strengthen leadership
This year, the national major animal epidemic situation is very grim situation.
Beijing, Shandong, Shanxi, Hunan, Xinjiang, Guizhou, Guangxi
and other places there were eight cases of human infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza cases. Hubei, Xinjiang, Shanghai, Shanxi and other places also have foot and mouth disease and highly pathogenic livestock Blue ear pig disease and other major animal epidemic situation. Spring season and transport of animals is the peak period is the season of high animal disease, prevention and control of serious abnormal situation.
To this end, the township should attach great importance to the departments concerned, a careful analysis of the current major international and domestic animal disease situation, to further enhance the sense of urgency and responsibility, immediate action, the full deployment,
carefully organized and scientific prevention and control, increase investment, effective and orderly to carry out a good spring animal disease prevention and control work. |
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