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PANDEMIC ALERT LEVEL
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Now tracking the new emerging South Africa Omicron Variant

SECONDARY PNEUMONIA FROM SEVERE FLU

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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote Guests Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: September 19 2006 at 2:28am
the hospital that i work at is going to make this mandatory. all childhood
shots are to re updated. this includes mumps, measles, diptehria and
whooping cough. i ge the flu shot every year. i have not thought about the pneumonia shot. i will look into it this week.
 
 
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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote Guests Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: September 19 2006 at 2:37am
guest,
 
all these guests posts sure ar confusing me. i will hang in there. will yall please choose a name and join the group?
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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote Guests Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: September 19 2006 at 2:45am
i got my flu shot last year from a phamacist at krogers.
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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote Guests Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: September 19 2006 at 4:16am
Originally posted by tigger1 tigger1 wrote:

guest,
 

all these guests posts sure ar confusing me. i will hang in there. will yall please choose a name and join the group?



Most of the time where it says guest its where a member was kicked off the board Albert runs a tight ship around here and he doest put up with alot of bull.So dont let the posts confuse you.
      Carolina kid
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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote Guests Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: September 30 2006 at 1:08am
a bit of info...
 
 
 

Chlamydia pneumoniae

 

Clinical Features Pneumonia or bronchitis, gradual onset of cough with little or no fever. Less common presentations are pharyngitis, laryngitis, and sinusitis.

The spectrum of illness can range from asymptomatic infection to severe disease.
Etiologic Agent Chlamydia pneumoniae, proposed new name, Chlamydophila pneumoniae. C. pneumoniae is distinct from other Chlamydia species.
Incidence The overall incidence is unknown.

Each year, an estimated 2-5 million cases of pneumonia and 500,000 pneumonia-related hospitalizations occur in the United States.
Sequelae C. pneumoniae infection may be associated, by some investigators, with atherosclerotic vascular disease. Associations with Alzheimer's disease, asthma, and reactive arthritis have been proposed. 

Transmission Person-to-person transmission by respiratory secretions. 
Risk Groups All ages at risk, but most common in school-age children. In the United States, about 50% of adults have evidence of past infection by age 20. Reinfection throughout life appears to be common.

Surveillance No national or state surveillance exists. 
Trends Unknown. Improved diagnostic testing may lead to improved recognition of infection. 

Challenges There is a lack of standardized diagnostic methods. Isolation of the etiologic agent is difficult, so antibody tests using paired acute- and convalescent-phase sera have been used for diagnosis.

There are no known methods to prevent possible sequelae. The role of C. pneumoniae in atherosclerotic vascular disease needs further definition.
Opportunities To apply new laboratory methods to develop better diagnostic tests and to evaluate association between C. pneumoniae infection and atherosclerosis, as well as other chronic diseases.
...........................................................
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/drugresisstreppneum_t.htm

Drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Disease

Clinical Features Pneumonia, bacteremia, otitis media (OM), meningitis, peritonitis and sinusitis 

Etiologic Agent Streptococcus pneumoniae. Resistant to one or more commonly used antibiotics. Seven sero-types (6A, 6B, 9V, 14, 19A, 19F, and 23F) account for most DRSP. 

Incidence Until 2000, S. pneumoniae infections caused 60,000 cases of invasive disease each year and up to 40% of these were caused by pneumococci non-susceptible to at least one drug. These figures have decreased substantially following the introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for children. In the year 2002, there were 37,000 cases of invasive pneumococcal disease.

Of these, 34% were caused by pneumococci non-susceptible to at least one drug and 17% were due to a strain non-susceptible to 3 or more drugs. Prevalence of DRSP shows geographic variation.
Sequelae Death occurs in 14% of hospitalized adults with invasive disease. Neurologic sequelae occur in meningitis patients. Hearing impairment can result from recurrent otitis media. Resistance has led to treatment failures.

Costs DRSP is associated with increased costs due to use of antimicrobial agents, recurrent disease, surveillance, education, and new antimicrobial drug development. 
Transmission Person-to-person. 

Risk Groups Persons who attend or work at child-care centers and persons who recently used antimicrobial agents are at increased risk for infection with DRSP.
Surveillance CDC sponsors active, population-based surveillance in ten states. Laboratory-based reporting of DRSP has been mandated in several states. Several private-sector systems also track DRSP.

Trends The new pneumococcal conjugate vaccine is preventing many infections due to drug-resistant pneumococci. Outbreaks of DRSP have been reported in nursing homes, institutions for HIV-infected persons, and child-care centers.

Challenges Widespread overuse of antimicrobial agents and the spread of resistant strains has contributed to emerging resistance. The 23-valent vaccine is underused. Supplies of the new conjugate vaccine for children are inadequate. Some clinical laboratories have not adopted standard methods (NCCLS guidelines) for identifying and defining DRSP.

Opportunities Campaigns for more judicious use of antibiotics and use of the new conjugate vaccine may slow or reverse emerging drug resistance. Prevention of infections could improve through expanded use of 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine and the new conjugate vaccine. Among children 5 years of age, the conjugate vaccine elicits protection against ~80% of invasive pneumococcal isolates that are not susceptible to penicillin.

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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote nettie4263 Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: October 02 2006 at 11:55am
w00t!!!  Just got a memo at work that they are giving flu AND ppv shots in our building later this month.  $22 for the flu and $40 for the ppv.
 
I'll be there!!
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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote Frisky Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: October 04 2006 at 1:09pm
   Another reason to get the pneumoccal vaccine has been documented. Those who have received the vaccine lose their nasal carriage of the bacteria resulting in a form of herd immunity. The incidence of the disease in unvaccinated small children has dropped dramatically as a result of vaccination of children.    ER Doc
It is better to give than to receive.
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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote Sins Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: October 08 2006 at 10:47am
Yipee, My man, who is turning 50 next year ,has suffered from chest infections and sinus problems for years now. Constantly coughing up green thick mucus, Has been on antibiotics almost continually for the last 18 months, Double the normal doseage. Told him about the PPV 23 shot after reading about it here and he asked the GP for it and was given the prescription no questions asked.  $40.
Leave a kiss and hug as your mark on the hearts of others
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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote apomales Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: October 10 2006 at 12:17pm
Walgreen's advertised Flu and Pneumonia shots. Flu shot is $25 and pneumonia shot is $40. The dates are October 1 through 10/31. For exact dates & times call 1-800-FLU-9950 or 1-800-358-9950 or www.walgreens.com/flu I went today for the flu shot. They had me fill out a simple questionnaire asking if I had any allergies to eggs, thimersol, or previous reactions to a flu vaccine, my birth date, name, address,& age. They did not ask if I had any health conditions such as asthma, or heart conditions. It appeared that as long as you paid $25 check or cash anyone could get the shot. An outside company/nurse gave the shot. I've never had a flu shot in my life, even when I worked at the hospital. The only reason I got it was because of Webster's claim it may provide some protection against the pandemic influenza(even though I am totally skeptical). We all had the pneumonia vaccine in January 2006 thanks to this forum. I've decided to have the entire family (2 adults/2 children) get the flu shot also. When TSHTF I want to feel I've done everything possible.
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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote Legacy Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: October 21 2006 at 7:55am
I live in Cincinnati, and my husband and I had our flu and pneumonia vaccines this morning at Kroger. We are both well under 50 and the only question asked was "Which arm"Smile!
I do everything my Rice Crispies tell me to....
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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote tesla Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: October 22 2006 at 5:25am
I went to CVS yesterday to try and get a Pneumonia shot for myself and kids but they wouldn't give it because I wasn't over 65 and wouldn't give it to my 12 year old. Has anyone else had a problem receiving a pneumonia shot from a flu clinic? I live in MA?

Thanks,
-T 
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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote Guest Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: October 23 2006 at 8:15am
Try telling them that your kid has asthma, this will place him/her in "high risk" group, I normally do no condone lies but when it comes to kids health....
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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote Dlugose Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: October 23 2006 at 5:14pm
Alabama is the only state so far that has more than a handful of cases of influenza,   see map at http://www.cdc.gov/flu/weekly/usmap.htm
So no need to worry about supply.  Massachusetts rarely gets any cases before December.  Public health authorities here say we expect more vaccine than we may use by the end of the year, unless more people decide to get it.
Dlugose RN AAS BA BS Cert. Biotechnology. Respiratory nurse
June 2013: public health nurse volunteer, Asia
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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote Guests Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: October 27 2006 at 3:45pm
Tesla:  I went to CVS yesterday to try and get a Pneumonia shot for myself and kids but they wouldn't give it because I wasn't over 65 and wouldn't give it to my 12 year old. Has anyone else had a problem receiving a pneumonia shot from a flu clinic? I live in MA?

Thanks,
-T 
 
 
 
I'm 47 and I went to CVS Pharmacy today and got a flu and pneumonia shot with no problem.  They said they were only giving out flu shots to adults 18 or older. I live in Texas.  While I had the opportunity I ask the RN administering the shots what she has been told about prep for H5N1.  She said she has not heard a thing, but that I was the second person to ask her about it in the last hour.
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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote Guests Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: October 28 2006 at 1:02pm
Hi 4thegirls -- Yes!  I'm from NH (we're probably practically neighbors).  I couldn't get it for myself or teenage daughter just the other day.  My Dr. said we didn't fit "the criteria"  I said, okay--will get it in a walk-in...
My daughter has already had an experience with pneumonia and suffers from allergies.  Anytime she get's sick, it goes straight to her lungs.  I was so stunned when she said no for her I'm embarrassed to say I didn't say "why not"?  I reminded her of her condition and she repeated she didn't fall into the criteria.  She said she wasn't trying to give me a hard time and recognized I was just being an advocate for my daughter - which I truly appreciated.  I said I wasn't trying to give her a hard time either.  She then said I'll give it to her but it probably won't be covered (which I could care less about - when it comes to this)  In the midst of this back & forth discussion, my 16 year old called time out and said SHE DIDN'T WANT TWO SHOTS IN ONE DAY ANYWAY!!!  Talk about SEIZING AN OPPORTUNITY!!!  LAUGH    OUT    LOUD!!  So I gave in and said we'll reconsider/reschedule.  This is probably a VERY STUPID QUESTION but could this be because it could be somehow more of a risk for her to get it?  Or is it purely an insurance thing?  Can anybody out here respond to this?  My Doctor's a good one but she's just not on the same page yet with this bird flu thing.  Sort of just looks at me when I mention it.  However, a few months ago when I mentioned it, she broke into a BIG SMILE.  I commented her smile as odd and then said, is it that there's nothing you could do for it?  And she said EXACTLY!!  It's just out looming out there ready to strike and for once my conscience would be free (as in, having no party to it's victims / her patients).  Yikes!!  Shows the burdens our good doc's carry on their shoulders day in and day out!!  Thankful4u  
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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote Stogieguy Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: November 04 2006 at 3:23pm
I got flu & pneumonia shots today at the grocery store; $65 total & no questions asked.


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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote Albert Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: November 24 2006 at 3:32pm
I'm not sure what to do with this thread.   I suppose we should place it back in med interventions and off the main forum. 
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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote Guests Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: November 24 2006 at 4:35pm
Albert - what do you mean - pie in the sky -  You have done a great thing with this thread.  Look how many people have received their shot.  Hope you had a great Thanksgiving.
 
GG
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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote Albert Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: November 25 2006 at 6:44am

Thank you GG.  Since we're the only site that ever mentions it, I can only assume that it probably doesn't help our image much by having it as our primary sticky topic.  I'm not sure of the type of message that it sends about us.     

I hope you enjoyed your Thanksgiving as well. 

Smile

 
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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote dr d Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: January 04 2007 at 9:10pm
The pneumonia 23 shot is given to children if they have had their spleen removed,have sicle cell disease. I have been able to push thru on ONE patient the prevnar and the pneumovax. He has been admitted to the hospital seven times with pneumonia,ao the insurance thought it was worth the money....
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Until now there is no medicament can stop the avian bird flu .
 
i have find that real way to escape , is Yakuso anti flu (personal air purifier)
 
have been tested .
 
please read the information about this products its real magic ,its sales
 
by Dazer international : 00441733315888 

yakuso firstly launches the new air purifying product 4 into the market.
According to requirement of the anti-bacteria technology for the new navigation 4th of air purifier and the criterion of the air purifier in future, Yakuso has formulated the standard of anti-bacteria air purification 4th with the help of Disease Prevention Organization Disease Control & Research Centers inside and outside Asia.

Yakuso adopts firstly the ultraviolet light as sterilization in the series of air purifier 4th. The efficiency for killing bacteria & anti-bacteria reaches 99.99% which has met the medical sanitation standard.
Through the inspection by Yakuso scientific research center in Asia Disease Prevention Organization Disease Control & Research Center, Yakuso series of products can efficiently kill staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, rheum bacterium ,flu ,and other infective bacteria. It also efficiently removes the chemical gas like formaldehyde ,H2S, NH3 in the air. The purification efficiency reaches 99.99% which has met the medical sanitation standard.

3 in 1, technology of Navigation 4th and 5-layer purification symbolize the technology for Yakuso air purifiers is leader in the world
Yakuso 4-layer compound filter has passed the testing by the Environment Inspection Academe in South Korea and hong kong and has reached the peak in the world .
Yakuso firstly adopts the ultraviolet light for sterilization, and applies the intelligent technology such as the Apollo automatic air sensor, Samsung IC and automatic aroma spraying etc. It actually embodies the humanity for its spirit.
yakuso generates anion via negative corona discharge. When negative
voltage is applied to sharp needle, negatively charged electrons having enough energy to cause ionization are emitted from the needle at high speed. They collides against air particulates to generates anions.
What is important is how to control the concentration of anion. yakuso air cleaner emits 186 billion electrons per second to purify contaminated air, and keeps anion density at 1000 ea per 1cc of air or more to do good to human body.

Activated Carbon in Yakuso Air Purifiers :

I. Introduction
The presence of activated carbon in Yakuso air purifiers may be a mystery to you, unless you’re a aquarium hobbyist, or own a water purification system which uses carbon. For many people, the first time they encounter it is in selecting home air purifiers. Although most of our customers begin their search because of allergies or asthma, many soon realize how much odors and the chemicals with can cause them also contribute to their respiratory problems. That’s why Yakuso air purifier systems also address these issues.
II. History and Use in Purification Processes
As many as 2000 years ago, human beings were using activated carbon to remove impurities from water. Even then it’s exceptional adsorption qualities were known. However, it was not until the early 1900’s that it was produced in a form (as powder) that could be sold commercially. At that time it was used to purify water (so that it had no smell or taster) and to take the color out of sugar. As World War I got into swing it was discovered that it could be used in gas masks to protect soldiers, as well as for war time water and air purifiers. Instead of being used in powder form, granular activated carbon was developed. From that point on, activated carbon was used in many ways.

Yakuso netative ions
Negative ions help freshen and purify the air by causing allergens such as pollen, mold spores, dust, and animal dander floating in the air (which have either a neutral or a positive charge) to be attracted to and stick to each other, forming 'clumps' (because opposite charges attract). These clumps of particles then become heavy enough so that gravity can pull them down to the floor, where they can be vacuumed up, rather than staying in suspension where they can be breathed in and cause allergic reactions.
The following diagram will explain how negative ions remove the pollutants from the air.
Negatively-charged negative ions attach themselves to contaminates and allergens, which are positively-charged. The newly-formed larger particles are then able to fall to the ground, and out of the air we breathe.

Function of Ultraviolet (UV) germicidal light :
UV — found in sunlight — is at the range of 254 Nm and its photons have just the right level of energy to physically destroy the DNA of microorganisms.
Ultraviolet germicidal protection is a safe and proven technology that uses lamps resembling ordinary fluorescent tubes to generate UVC light to kill bacteria, mold, spores and viruses. Unlike antibiotics, microorganisms cannot develop immunity to UVC light. Viruses are especially susceptible to destruction by UVC.

Yakuso Titanium dioxide :
TiO2 (Titanium dioxide) - The anti-bacterial effect is caused by absorption and decomposition of toxins during the photocatalytic reaction of titanium oxide. All the toxic substance and bacteria such as Fungi will be decomposed by TiO2. The simple diagram will shown these function.

Yakuso Ozone
Ozone : Our ozone generator will generate the high voltage to produce the ozone. The following diagram will explain the odor removal principle.

1) Purification of air:
Various contaminated substances in the air such as cigarette smoke, sulfurous acid gas(SO2),nitrous oxide gas(NOx) and carbon monoxide gas(CO) create positive ions. However, anions generated by air cleaner neutralize, settle and remove these positive ions to keep air clean and fresh. The harmful substance such as ozone reduces to negatively charged oxygen(O2-) via following reaction, and plays an important role in settling problems with deficiency of oxygen.

2) Removal of dust and bacteria:
Positive ions enable bacteria, dust, pollen, mold and contaminated particulates freely float and make foul air. However, anions electrically neutralize and remove them, or charged them negatively so that they are adsorbed and collected by a positively charged powerful dust collector plate installed in the air cleaner.

3) Humidity control:
yakuso air cleaner controls humidity more or less. For example,
It reduces harmful ozone to negatively charged oxygen through the following reaction.
O3 + 2H + 2E -> O2 + H2O
This equation shows that water(H2O) is generated and helps control humidity.

4) Deodorization:
Anion chemically oxidizes, decomposes and neutralizes the source of odor to remove
offensive odor and keep indoor atmosphere pleasant.

Yakuso - The best for pollen allergies
Pollen is a tricky type of allergen and can cause many ruined days for people who suffer from allergies. Pollen can easily become airborne and can be tracked to the indoors from the outdoors by people, animals or a simple gust of wind. It re-circulates in the air indoors and is a threat to any resident with sensitivities to the particle. It’s hard to believe that a small, microscopic particle in the air can give a person so many horrific symptoms but pollen is, unfortunately, a powerful allergen.But with Yakuso you will forget it for life.

Yakuso - The best for dust
One of the most common household contaminants that are present in most residences is dust. Dust can be a hard contaminant to get rid of and dusting or cleaning does not always do the trick. Even the cleanest of homes can still contain dust even if it’s not seen on any objects or furniture. Dust mostly contains flakes of skin and dirt. It can also contain pet hair, pet dander and dust mites. These types of particles can become very harmful for residents when they are breathed in. Residents with sensitivities, allergies or asthma can experience symptoms to their conditions when exposed to dust in the air. By breathing in house dust, residents may be breathing in contaminants such as dust mites or pet dander, which can be harmful to air passageways. In order to remove dust from their homes, many people try different dusting chemicals and different types of materials to make the dust cling so it can be eliminated from the environment. However, it is very seldom that these cleaning products or materials actually work and are able to grasp the dust and remove it from objects. Therefore, the dust becomes airborne in the room and can easily be breathed in by any residents that are present. Many dusting materials simply stir the dust up and make it more easily accessible to air passageways . Yakuso are the best way to actually remove the dust from indoor air.

Yakuso-The best for Pet Dander
According to the American Lung Association and Clearflite, reducing the amount of exposure a person with allergies has to a pet is the best ways to prevent allergic reactions. However, many pet owners consider their pets to be members of the family, almost like adopted children. Issues such as the presence of clean indoor air just aren’t big enough problems for a pet owner to even think about getting rid of a pet. Unfortunately for many pet owners, the quality of their home indoor air does suffer when a pet is brought into the home. Pets not only shed hair that can cause allergic reactions but can also cause pet dander to become present in the indoor air. Luckily,pet owners can use Yakuso to solve the problem .

Yakuso- The best for MCS
It is still debatable as to whether Multiple Chemical Sensitivity is considered a true medical condition or a simple sensitivity. However, for the people who suffer from this condition, it can be one of the most frustrating and intrusive ways to live. Multiple Chemical Sensitivity, or MCS, is when a person is extremely sensitive to many different types of everyday chemicals. These chemicals can include paint fumes, hairstyling spray, perfumes and air fresheners. Since most of these chemicals cannot be avoided and have to be faced on a daily basis, people suffering from the condition often feel the symptoms everyday. Symptoms of MCS include itchy and watery eyes, dizziness, sore throat or even nausea. For MCS sufferers, removing any chemical fumes from a home indoor air is the best and healthiest way for them to live. With aYakuso, a MCS sufferer can have a safe haven from his or her condition.


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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote Letissia Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: March 28 2007 at 10:02am
There only one way ,its the safe and the best one ,using Yakuso
 
anti flu sales by dazer international in UK : 00441733315888.
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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote Guests Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: March 28 2007 at 12:56pm
SPAM!!!!!
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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote johngardner1 Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: September 28 2007 at 7:18pm
    Pneumonia shots are being offered at my building next month. It's a smart thing to do.
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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote PrepGirl Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: November 06 2007 at 2:39pm
Got my pnuemonia shot on Friday of last week. No problem docter just gave me one.

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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote PandemicsHappen Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: December 13 2007 at 3:00pm
In regard to the above Personal Air Purifier - Courtesy of Tom Waites:

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(Don't be a sucker - Prep Up)
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    How long is a pneumonia vaccination good for?
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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote PandemicsHappen Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: February 10 2008 at 4:06pm
AFT Family,

For very good information about
Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Infection
in Humans, see this link to a free
article from the New England Journal of Medicine.

Due to the broad interest in the
article it is also available in the following languages:
Deutsch, Polski, Espanol, Portugues, Brasileiro, Francais, Turkce, Italiano.

Link: http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/13/1374#T3


     
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Are you ready?  Annie
Vaccines Stand Ready for Flu Season

On this page:

Vaccination is the key component of influenza prevention.

Commonly called "the flu," influenza is a virus-induced, contagious respiratory illness. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) plays a key role in protecting Americans against seasonal strains of flu.

Assuring the safety of influenza vaccine is one of the agency's top priorities. So is ensuring that there's enough vaccine for everyone who wants it—especially for people who are at risk of complications of influenza.

There are two kinds of influenza vaccines:

  • The flu shot contains inactivated, or killed, influenza viruses.
  • The nasal vaccine is known by the trade name of FluMist. It contains weakened, live viruses, and is sprayed into both nostrils.

Autumn is the best time to get vaccinated, although getting the vaccine in the winter months when flu season often peaks is also recommended.

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Six for This Season

FDA has approved six vaccines for the 2008-2009 flu season. All are for use against influenza disease caused by influenza virus types A and B. They are

  • Afluria, for adults 18 years of age and older
  • Fluarix, for adults 18 years of age and older
  • FluLaval, for adults 18 years of age and older
  • Fluvirin, for people 4 years of age and older
  • Fluzone, for people 6 months of age and older
  • FluMist, for people ages 2 to 49

Manufacturers of the six vaccines project about 146 million doses will be available for this influenza season, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

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A Challenging Process

"One of the biggest challenges in the fight against influenza is producing new vaccines every year," says Jesse L. Goodman, M.D., M.P.H., Director of FDA's Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research. "There is no other instance where new vaccines must be made every year. The approval of flu vaccines is a part of FDA's mission to promote the health of Americans throughout the year."

Experts from FDA, CDC, the World Health Organization, and other institutions annually study virus samples and disease patterns collected worldwide in an effort to identify strains that may cause the most illness in the upcoming season.

Based on those forecasts and on the recommendations of its Advisory Committee, FDA each February decides on the three strains that manufacturers should include in their vaccines for the U.S. population. Each season's vaccines are modified to reflect the virus strains most likely to be circulating and cause the flu.

In an unusual occurrence, FDA changed all three strains for this year's influenza vaccine. Usually, only one or two strains are updated from year to year.

This year's vaccines include the following strains:

  • an A/Brisbane/59/2007 (H1N1)-like virus
  • an A/Brisbane/10/2007 (H3N2)-like virus
  • a B/Florida/4/2006-like virus

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Health Professionals Need It Too

The approach of flu season also serves to remind health care workers to get vaccinated against influenza. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) recently launched an initiative to help improve vaccination rates among health care personnel.

Influenza vaccination should be considered a part of patient safety. Studies have shown that only about 4 in 10 health care professionals are vaccinated every year. Those that don't get vaccinated can cause influenza outbreaks in health care settings.

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Flu Facts

What are the symptoms? Seasonal influenza—or flu—is a contagious respiratory illness caused by viruses. Symptoms include fever, headache, body aches, chills, extreme exhaustion, and weakness.

How is it spread? Flu is spread through coughing or sneezing. You can also get it by touching objects that are carrying the virus, such as telephones and door knobs, and then touching your mouth or nose. Wash your hands often and teach children to do the same. Most healthy adults may be able to infect others one day before their own symptoms develop and up to five days after becoming sick.

How many people are affected? Each year, according to CDC, an average of 5% to 20% of the U.S. population gets the flu. More than 200,000 people are hospitalized from flu complications. There are about 36,000 flu-related deaths each year.

What are the possible complications? Most people recover from the flu within one to two weeks. But some develop serious complications such as pneumonia, ear infections, sinus infections, dehydration, and worsening of chronic medical conditions such as congestive heart failure, asthma, or diabetes.

Who is at higher risk for complications? Some individuals—particularly elderly people, young children, and people with chronic medical conditions—are at higher risk for flu-related complications. Vaccination of these groups and of health care personnel is critical.

Can you get the flu from a flu shot? Although some people get a mild fever, body aches, and fatigue for a few days, you can't get the flu from a flu shot. Soreness at the injection site is a common side effect of the flu shot

This article appears on FDA's Consumer Health Information Web page (www.fda.gov/consumer), which features the latest updates on FDA-regulated products. Sign up for free e-mail subscriptions at www.fda.gov/consumer/consumerenews.html.

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For More Information

FDA's Flu Information Web Site
www.fda.gov/oc/opacom/hottopics/flu.html

Information on Approved Influenza Vaccines
www.fda.gov/cber/efoi/approve.htm#flu

FDA Approves 2008-2009 Flu Vaccines
www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2008/NEW01872.html

Health Care Personnel Initiative to Improve Influenza Vaccination Toolkit
www.hhs.gov/ophs/programs/initiatives/vacctoolkit/index.html

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Updated: September 26, 2008

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Where is Jacksdad?
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Good article from CIDRAP.    Clearly the PPV Vaccine could prevent a pandemic and could save a lot of lives.  
 
 

Study: Bacterial pneumonia was main killer in 1918 flu pandemic

Robert Roos * News Editor

Aug 22, 2008 (CIDRAP News) – It was secondary bacterial pneumonia—not the influenza virus by itself—that killed most of the millions who perished in the 1918 flu pandemic, which suggests that current pandemic preparations should include stockpiling of antibiotics and bacterial vaccines, influenza researchers reported this week.

Experts at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) examined pieces of lung tissue preserved from 58 victims of the 1918 pandemic and reviewed reports distilled from thousands of autopsies to reach their conclusions, published online by the Journal of Infectious Diseases.

"Histological and bacteriologic evidence suggests that the vast majority of influenza deaths resulted from secondary bacterial pneumonia," says the report by David M. Morens, MD, Jeffery K. Taubenberger, MD, PhD, and NIAID Director Anthony S. Fauci, MD.

Many accounts of the 1918 pandemic have emphasized how quickly patients succumbed to the infection, creating an impression that a large share of the victims died of the virus's direct effects on the lungs or the immune system's intense response to the infection. But the new report suggests that more than 90% actually died of invading bacterial pneumonia after the virus wiped out cells lining the bronchial tubes and lungs.

"In essence, the virus landed the first blow while bacteria delivered the knockout punch," said Fauci in an NIAID news release.

Lung sections and autopsy reviews
The researchers pursued two strategies. First, they examined sections newly cut from blocks of lung tissue preserved from 58 military members who died during the pandemic, representing all known 1918 flu cases in a tissue collection at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology.

Second, they reviewed 1918-era literature on influenza pathology and bacteriology, gleaning 109 reports providing useful bacteriologic information from 173 series of autopsies. These covered 8,398 autopsies from 15 countries.

Nearly all of the lung tissue examinations yielded "compelling histologic evidence of severe acute bacterial pneumonia, either as the predominant pathology or in conjunction with underlying pathologic features now believed to be associated with influenza virus infection," including damage to the bronchial epithelium, the report says. Bacteria were often present in "massive numbers."

In perusing the contemporary autopsy studies, the authors found 96 reports of lung tissue culture results from 5,266 patients, in which only 4.2% showed no bacterial growth. In 68 "higher quality" autopsy series, representing 3,074 patients, 92.7% of the lung cultures were positive for at least one bacterial species. Cultures of blood samples from another 1,887 victims were positive for bacteria in 70.3% of cases.

At the time of the pandemic, nearly all experts agreed that deaths were almost never caused by the then-unidentified flu virus itself, "but resulted directly from severe secondary pneumonia caused by well-known bacterial 'pneumopathogens' that colonized the upper respiratory tract," the report states. The most common pathogens were pneumococci, streptococci, and staphylococci.

The authors also reviewed evidence from the relatively mild pandemic of 1957-58 and determined that most deaths were due to secondary bacterial pneumonia. In addition, the "few relevant data from the 1968-1969 pandemic" reflect the same pattern, they write.

"We believe that the weight of 90 years of evidence, including the exceptional but largely forgotten work of an earlier generation of pathologists, indicates that the vast majority of pulmonary deaths from pandemic influenza viruses have resulted from poorly understood interactions between the infecting virus and secondary infections due to bacteria that colonize the upper respiratory tract," the report says.

Severity still unexplained
The researchers say their findings leave the extreme severity of the 1918 pandemic unexplained. Because they found evidence of many different types of invading bacteria, it was probably not due to specific virulent bacterial strains. Instead, they speculate that "any influenza virus with an enhanced capacity to spread to and damage bronchial and/or bronchiolar epithelial cells" could pave the way for bacteria in the upper respiratory tract to invade the lungs and cause a severe infection.

The authors suggest that, as in past pandemics, secondary bacterial pneumonia is likely to be the leading killer in the next pandemic—if it is caused by "a human-adapted virus similar to those recognized since 1918." If that's the case, they assert, pandemic preparations must go beyond the development and stockpiling of influenza vaccines and antiviral drugs; efforts should also include the stockpiling of antibiotics and bacterial vaccines to protect against bacterial pneumonia.

However, the investigators also write that if a derivative of the H5N1 avian flu virus causes a future pandemic, lessons from past pandemics may not be "strictly applicable." That virus's pathogenic mechanisms may be atypical because it is poorly adapted to humans and because it causes unusual pathology in animals. On the other hand, they say that if the H5N1 virus fully adapts to humans, the spectrum of resulting disease could revert to something more similar to what was seen in past pandemics.

Study may change thinking
William Schaffner, MD, an influenza expert and chairman of the Department of Preventive Medicine at the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine in Nashville, said the new study may change the general understanding of the causes of death in the 1918 pandemic.

"The general notion at least heretofore is that there were two kinds of deadly illnesses, the first caused by the virus all by itself," Schaffner told CIDRAP News. "We know that the influenza virus can cause primary pneumonia, and the time course was so brief from onset to death in many patients that it was thought this was likely due to an extremely virulent influenza virus—an influenza virus on steroids."

But it has also been assumed that bacterial pneumonia often complicated flu cases then, as it does today, and was fatal for many patients in that pre-antibiotic era, he added. "So the general notion was that there were two causes of death. The general sense was that the former, the virus, was more important than the latter. This comes largely from repeated stories about the rapidity with which this carried people off."

But the findings of Morens and colleagues indicate that secondary bacterial pneumonia was the more common cause of death. "The impressive thing is, though this is a tiny, tiny sample of what went on, they showed bacterial pneumonia was extraordinarily common," Schaffner said. "I think they make the point that it was in every one of the autopsy sections they examined. I have to tell you that made me sit up."

He suggested one possible source of inadvertent bias in the study: Because the evidence is derived from autopsies, the subjects included in the study could represent a skewed sample. The victims most likely to be autopsied were those who died in hospitals, and they probably were less sick initially and had a longer course of illness than those who died at home, Schaffner said. Those who died at home were much less likely to be autopsied.

Nevertheless, the study is an important contribution for showing that bacterial pneumonia was common in the 1918 pandemic, Schaffner added. "I'm still not convinced that that bimodal concept [of the causes of death in 1918] is not true," he said. "These fellows have nailed the second part; I'm just not sure they represent the entire population of deaths."

Schaffner observed that the idea of including bacterial pneumonia in pandemic planning has already been under discussion for a while. "But the fact that Tony Fauci lends his name to these discussions gives them impetus because of his central role in the pandemic planning process in Washington," he said.

He said the federal stockpile of drugs and medical supplies for public health emergencies includes some antibiotics, but they are mainly intended for bioterrorism-related diseases, such as ciprofloxacin for anthrax. But some of the antibiotics might be useful for both bioterrorism-linked diseases and pneumonia, he said.

No vaccines to prevent bacterial pneumonia have been included in the federal stockpile, Schaffner said. However, he noted that between 40% and 50% of people aged 65 and older have been vaccinated against pneumococcal disease, as recommended by federal guidelines.

 
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http://www.pandemicflu.gov/vaccine/pneumococcal.html
 

Introduction

Influenza predisposes individuals to bacterial community-acquired pneumonia. During previous pandemics, secondary bacterial pneumonia has been an important cause of morbidity and mortality1-3 with 7-20 percent of persons with influenza infection during 1918-1919 developing secondary bacterial pneumonia, depending on the population and the phase of the pandemic4-6. Attack rates of secondary bacterial pneumonia during the less severe 20th century pandemics are less well-documented but are thought to be lower, perhaps five percent. Among those who acquired secondary bacterial pneumonia during pandemics, 20-36 percent died7.

In virtually all published series, Streptococcus pneumoniae has been the most common etiology of secondary bacterial pneumonia, accounting for 25-75 percent of cases3,6,8-15. Severe pneumococcal pneumonia associated with inter-pandemic influenza has also been described16. The biological basis for the influenza-pneumococcus association is likely related to the neuraminidase activity of individual influenza A virus subtypes17.

A key difference between previous influenza pandemics and the next one is the widespread availability in the United States of two pneumococcal vaccines. An important question is whether these vaccines could be used to prevent secondary pneumococcal pneumonia.

Effectiveness and public health impact of pneumococcal vaccines against pneumococcal pneumonia

A growing body of literature suggests that the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) can prevent both invasive and non-invasive pneumococcal pneumonia caused by serotypes included in the vaccine. In clinical trials, 7- and 9-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines have been shown to be 20-37 percent effective against radiographically-confirmed pneumonia among young children18-21. In studies using active, population-based surveillance to evaluate the impact of PCV7 in the U.S., rates of all invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) among children aged less than five years have declined by 75 percent while rates caused by PCV7-serotypes have declined by 98 percent22; approximately 20 percent of all IPD cases in this age group present with pneumonia. Routine use of PCV7 in the U.S. infant immunization program has also been shown to reduce all-cause pneumonia hospitalizations among children less than two years of age by 39 percent23. A South African trial of a 9-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV9) closely related to the 7-valent product showed that PCV9 could prevent secondary pneumococcal pneumonia among children. Children who had received PCV9 experienced 55% fewer hospitalizations for laboratory-confirmed influenza infection than children who had received placebo, suggesting that the vaccine was directly preventing pneumococcal pneumonia as a complication of influenza infection24.

Although direct vaccination of adults with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine has not been studied extensively, considerable evidence suggests a large public health impact of pediatric immunization on IPD among adults. Between 1998 and 2005, rates of IPD caused by PCV7 serotypes among adults declined by 75-85 percent, depending on the age group. In contrast to children where a minority of IPD manifests as pneumonia, approximately 75 percent of IPD cases among adults present as pneumonia, almost always requiring hospitalization25. These indirect effects of PCV7 vaccination of children apparently are not limited to IPD; in one study, routine use of PCV7 in children led to a 26 percent reduction in all-cause pneumonia hospitalizations among adults aged 18-39 years23.  Reductions occurred in other age groups but were not statistically significant.

While evidence for the ability of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines to prevent invasive and non-invasive pneumococcal pneumonia is mounting, evidence for effectiveness of the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) is limited to pneumococcal bacteremia, where published studies estimate the effectiveness to be 44%-81%26,27. The duration of protection of PPV23 may be greater than five years among persons aged less than 65 years but is probably less than five years among people aged greater than 65 years28. Importantly, evidence of effectiveness of PPV23 against pneumonia without bacteremia is lacking despite multiple studies that have looked for such an effect29.

Recommended vaccination schedules

CDC’s Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends a single dose of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine for all people 65 years and older and for persons 2 to 64 years of age with certain high-risk conditions (Table 1)30.  A single revaccination at least five years after initial vaccination is recommended for people 65 years and older who were first vaccinated before age 65 years. 

For children, four doses of PCV7 are recommended by the ACIP, one each at two, four, six, and 12 to 15 months of age, with catch-up schedules for children who start the series late or who miss doses (Table 1)31. 

Use of the pneumococcal vaccines for influenza pandemic preparedness

The ACIP is currently reviewing existing recommendations for routine use of pneumococcal conjugate and polysaccharide vaccines. At this time, there are no plans to change existing recommendations for PCV7 or PPV23 use specifically in preparation for a possible influenza pandemic.  Instead, emphasis should be placed on increasing vaccination coverage among those for whom the vaccines are already recommended. Administering pneumococcal vaccines during a pandemic may be complicated by personnel shortages due to illness and vaccine shortages due to excessive demand. Therefore, ensuring that all persons with pneumococcal vaccine indications have been vaccinated before a pandemic occurs may be the best way to prevent pneumococcal disease during a pandemic (Table 2)30,31.

Conclusion

To reduce the burden of secondary bacterial pneumonia during the next influenza pandemic, CDC urges healthcare providers and state immunization programs to improve pneumococcal vaccination delivery systems for patients under their care so that national vaccine coverage increases. The ideal time to accelerate vaccination efforts is during the inter-pandemic and pandemic alert phases (phases 1 through 3), when the threat of a pandemic is not imminent. At this time, CDC does not recommend changes to existing recommendations for use or stockpiling of pneumococcal vaccines in anticipation of a pandemic.

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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote jacksdad Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: January 13 2009 at 10:41am
Originally posted by GuestRN GuestRN wrote:

Where is Jacksdad?
 
Oops - a few months late, but I'm here. I'm lurking more than posting at the moment, but I'm still around.
"Buy it cheap. Stack it deep"
"Any community that fails to prepare, with the expectation that the federal government will come to the rescue, will be tragically wrong." Michael Leavitt, HHS Secretary.
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Just learned something about the pneumonia vaccine if you are under 65 you must get a booster shot 5 years after the first shot to make sure it works.

I just gave my teenager the pneumonia vaccine over Christmas break. I have been ahead of the medical advice. My child got the flu shot 6 years ago when the Dr.s and AMA said NO to that. I demanded it and finally got it then and every year after. NOW, the Dr.s and AMA say that every child should have the flu shot. GEE, DUH!
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< ="-" ="text/; =utf-8">< name="ProgId" ="Word.">< name="Generator" ="Microsoft Word 12">< name="Originator" ="Microsoft Word 12"><>

http://www.trustdownload.com/Antivirus-and-Spyware-Cleaners/Antivirus/Kaspersky-Internet-Security-7.0.html

Use this one to protect your Pc against viruses, spyware and other intruders. I use it too so I can say that is very good.

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