Tracking the next pandemic: Avian Flu Talk |
Single-stranded Negative Sense RNA Virii |
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Posted: August 30 2006 at 4:26pm |
Not new...Pointing a finger at the problem of ZOONOSES...
From Wikipedia-
The simplest definition of a zoonosis is a disease that can be transmitted from other animals to humans. A slightly more technical definition is a disease that normally exists in other animals, but also infects humans. The emerging interdisciplinary field of conservation medicine, which integrates human and veterinary medicine, and environmental sciences, is largely concerned with zoonoses. .......................................................
Pandemic influenza: a zoonosis?
Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong.
In the last two decades, influenza A viruses have been found to occur throughout the animal kingdom, mainly in birds, notably aquatic ones, in which infection is largely intestinal, waterborne, and asymptomatic. The domestic duck of southern China, raised in countless numbers all year round mainly as an adjunct to rice farming, is the principal host of influenza A viruses. Studies based on Hong Kong H3N2 viruses from southern China suggest that pandemic strains originate from the domestic duck there and are transmitted to humans via the domestic pig, which acts as a "mixing vessel" for two-way transmission of viruses.
This provides further support for the hypothesis that the region is a hypothetical influenza epicenter. Rural dwellers in the epicenter show serological evidence of contact with non-human influenza A viruses. Two hypotheses are advanced for the range of hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes of viruses that can cause pandemics
(1) circle or cycle limited to H1, H2, and H3 subtypes, thereby implying that a virus of the H2 subtype will cause the next pandemic; and (2) spiral, by which any one of the 14 HA subtypes recorded to date may be involved.
Consideration is given to the temporal and geographical factors and range of hosts, namely the duck, pig, and human, that need to be submitted to virus surveillance in China and beyond to attempt to anticipate a future pandemic. Evidence is presented that points strongly to pandemic influenza being a zoonosis.
PMID: 1609163 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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I jst wanted to relate that grandmother, whom I miss dearly, always used to tell us kids not to touch any birds or feathers that we found because they carry bad deseases. She was a kid in 1918.
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Here is another example in the news today 8/30/2006 http://www.freshplaza.com/2006/30aug/2_us_tomato_spot_virus.htm US: Tomato Spot Wilt Virus spreading Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV) in tomatoes has been increasing, both in the southern San Joaquin Valley as well as in San Joaquin County, according to Brenna Aegerter, vegetable farm advisor for the county. While there have been “hot spots” of high disease incidence especially down south, “the majority of fields have just a few infected plants,” according to Aegerter. Symptoms of TSWV are bronzing of leaves followed by the development of necrotic spots and streaks on the foliage and stems, which may be followed by shoot dieback. On fruit, characteristic ringspots develop. On red fruit these can be quite striking, but they are also faintly visible on green fruit, said the veg crop farm advisor who is a specialist in plant pathology. TSWV has an extremely wide host range, including hundreds of plants species spanning both broadleaves and monocots like as orchids and lilies. Economic hosts in California include tomato, pepper, beans, corn, lettuce, radicchio, celery and many ornamentals. “There are many potential weed hosts, including nightshade, purslane and pigweed. This virus is vectored by at least 10 thrips species, including the western flower thrips and the onion thrips,” said Aegerter. After egg hatch on TSWV-infected plants, the first and second instar larvae acquire the virus. The virus reproduces within the thrips and they can then transmit the virus to healthy plants when they are adults. “Adults cannot pick up the virus, nor can they pass the virus on to their offspring,” said the farm advisor. “Therefore, in order for a plant to be a source of the virus for new infections and spread, it must support reproduction of both the thrips and the virus. “In the past, we thought that there was no build-up or secondary spread within tomato fields because tomatoes did not support reproduction of thrips. However, observations this season of very heavily infected tomato fields adjacent to unaffected fields suggest that the vector and virus may be capable of building up within a tomato field. If this turns out to be the case, then controlling the thrips may prove beneficial in reducing the spread of the virus within a tomato field.” Because there are so many potential sources of inoculum and because their contribution to the problem may change from year to year, there is no clear strategy for positioning tomato crops to avoid infection, according to Aegerter. Resistant varieties have been developed for both processing and fresh market varieties and these are currently being evaluated. “Unfortunately, where resistance to TSWV has been introduced into other crops, the resistance has nearly always been overcome by the rapid occurrence of resistance-breaking strains of the virus,” said the farm advisor. The geographic distribution of the problem (increasing southward in the Central Valley) may reflect the effect of winter temperatures on survival of the vectors. Colder winter temperatures may limit the overwintering of the western flower thrips in the Sacramento Valley. Its development does not progress at below 49 degrees. Higher disease incidence in the San Joaquin Valley might also be due to winter vector host crops such as lettuce and radicchio. The overlap of winter and summer host crops may provide a year-round habitat for the virus and its vector, said the farm advisor. The disease could be spreading due to mildew winters of late. Plant pathologists from UC Davis are currently studying the outbreaks in tomatoes in conjunction with Cooperative Extension Farm Advisors who are looking for fields with high incidents of wilt. “Hopefully we will soon have a better grasp on what factors increase the risk of significant infection,” said the farm advisor. |
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Many modern diseases, even epidemic diseases, started out as zoonotic diseases.
It is hard to be certain which diseases jumped from other animals to humans, but there is good evidence that measles, smallpox, influenza, and diphtheria came to us this way. HIV, the common cold, and tuberculosis may also have started in other species.
In modern days, zoonoses are of practical interest because the are often previously unrecognized diseases or have increased virulence in populations lacking immunity. The West Nile virus appeared in the United States in 1999 in the New York City area, and moved through the country in the summer of 2002, causing much distress. The plague is a zoonotic disease, as are salmonella, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and Lyme disease.
The major factor contributing to the appearance of new zoonotic pathogens in human populations is increased contact between humans and wildlife (Daszak et al., 2001). This can be caused either by encroachment of human activity into wilderness areas or by movement of wild animals into areas of human activity due to anthropologic or environmental disturbances.
An example of this is the outbreak of Nipah virus in peninsular Malaysia in 1999, when intensive pig farming intruded into the natural habitat of fruit bats carrying the virus. Unidentified spillover events caused infection of the pig population which acted as an amplifier host, eventually transmitting the virus to farmers and resulting in 105 human deaths (Field et al., 2001).
Similarly, in recent times avian influenza and West Nile virus have spilled over into human populations probably due to interactions between the carrier host and domestic animals. Highly mobile animals such as bats and birds may present a greater risk of zoonotic transmission than other animals due to the ease with which they can move into areas of human habitation. ................................................................................................
FROM WIKIPEDIA-
Partial list of carriersA partial list of agents that can carry infectious organisms that may be zoonotic includes:
[edit]
List of infective agentsZoonoses can be listed according to the infective agent: [edit]
Partial list of important zoonosesSome of the more important zoonoses are:
Other zoonoses might be This list is by no means complete. The influenza virus is an interesting example: it continually recombines genes between strains found in humans, swine and ducks, producing new strains with changed characteristics, and occasionally, as in 1918, killing millions worldwide. |
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Yes, but still not cause to panic, just something to watch.
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Standingfirm,
Waterborne Zoonoses: V.P.J. Gannon, C. Bolin, and C.L. Moe
Waterborne Zoonoses: Identification, Causes and Control. Edited by J.A. Cotruvo, A. Dufour, G. Rees, J. Bartram, R. Carr, D.O. Cliver, G.F. Craun, R. Fayer, and V.P.J. Gannon. Published by IWA Publishing, London, UK. ISBN: 1 84339 058 2. .............. Emerging pathogens are characterized by their increasing prevalence and
have the potential to become endemic, epidemic, and even pandemic in nature." "Several authors in this book have highlighted the importance of ongoing .........................................................................................................................
The great changes of the last decades, especially the increasing urbanization, most of which is inadequately planned, large movements of populations, opening up of badly needed new areas for food production, the increasing trade in meat, milk and other products of animal origin, the vastly increasing number and speed of vehicles, and even tourism have contributed
Ecerpt- ARENAVIRUS FAMILY - all have rodent vector
Sabia Junin Guarnarito Whitewater Arroyo
Brazilian Argentine HF Venezuelan HF Whitewater Arroyo HF
South America South America South America Western US
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The WHO is barely keeping up with current statistics. Why would they expect a spike from 2005 to decline when a pandemic which has not happened yet? I don't trust this info as accurate because it is not including projections from 2006 - 2008, whose numbers may be off the charts.
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Dlugose
Valued Member Joined: July 28 2006 Location: Colorado Status: Offline Points: 277 |
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Standingfirm,
Sorry it is not more readable as pasted here. This shows years of life that will be lost in 2005, 2015 and 2030 from various causes. The top group of 3 bars is HIV, next group is infectious and parasitic diseases. Within each group of bars the top bar is 2005, middle is 2015 and bottom 2030. Shows declining years of life lost from communicable disease except HIV. See original clearly at http://www.who.int/whosis/highlight10.png, other health statistics like this at http://www.who.int/whosis/whostat2006highlights/en/index9.html I could not yet find similar statistics for the past.
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Dlugose RN AAS BA BS Cert. Biotechnology. Respiratory nurse
June 2013: public health nurse volunteer, Asia |
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Dlugose
Valued Member Joined: July 28 2006 Location: Colorado Status: Offline Points: 277 |
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Dlugose RN AAS BA BS Cert. Biotechnology. Respiratory nurse
June 2013: public health nurse volunteer, Asia |
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Dan, most of the reports in the news state that these diseases are on the increase. Just like the mumps and measles outbreaks of last year the innoculations no longer seem adequate. Do you have any knowledge as to why this is happening
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Dlugose
Valued Member Joined: July 28 2006 Location: Colorado Status: Offline Points: 277 |
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Most of these have been known for a long time, and there are not huge differences in recent years that I have noted since I took virology at BU Medical School. What is different is much better methods for studying them such as progress in genetic knowledge, better pharmacologic methods, better diagnostic tests, so much more interest. Most of these though have not had much progress made for treatments, some because of lack of funding, some because our cost of health care in the west is already so high, and progress on things like respiratory and intestinal viruses is not seen as that high in priorities.
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Dlugose RN AAS BA BS Cert. Biotechnology. Respiratory nurse
June 2013: public health nurse volunteer, Asia |
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Single-stranded Negative Sense RNA Virii(comment - following a hunch) (Question - Why are cases involving these virii exploding around the world? Has this been documented as occuring before?) Orthomyxoviridae - Influenza A, B, and C obvious Bornaviridae - Borna Disease Virus
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/Ictv/fs_borna.htm http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol3no2/hatalski.htm Borna disease virus, a newly classified nonsegmented negative-strand RNA virus with international distribution, infects a broad range of warm-blooded animals from birds to primates. Infection causes movement and behavioral disturbances reminiscent of some neuropsychiatric syndromes. The virus has not been clearly linked to any human disease; however, an association between infection with the virus and selected neuropsychiatric disorders has been suggested. We reviewed recent advances in Borna disease virus research, focusing on evidence of infection in humans. Rhabdoviridae - Vesicular Stomatitis, Rabies, bovine ephemeral fever virus http://www.virology.net/Big_Virology/BVRNArhabdo.html in the news... Florida restricts importing animals from Wyoming Milwaukee Business Journal, WI - The country's first confirmed case this year of vesicular stomatitis has pushed the Florida Agriculture and Consumer Services commission to restrict animals ... Kentucky Inspects More Incoming Horses TheHorse.com, KY - ... The outbreak of vesicular stomatitis (VS) in Wyoming happened during the Kentucky State Fair, and Kentucky put restrictions in place for the county in Wyoming ... Natrona County has first case of animal virus The Casper Star Tribune, WY - The board reported Thursday that the first case in the nation in 2006 of vesicular stomatitis was been confirmed in a 10-year-old quarter horse mare near the ... One Confirmed Case, Additional Suspect Cases of VS in Wyoming TheHorse.com, KY - 17), the Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory posted a USDA release on its web site announcing the first confirmed US case of vesicular stomatitis in 2006. ... Health Department Battles Rabies WNED, NY - BUFFALO (2006-08-28) Health officials will be spreading rabies vaccine over Erie, Niagara and Chautauqua counties this week. Raccoons ... Rabid dogs spread death in Yemen Yemen Times, Yemen - Several local newspapers recently reported that rabies has become a serious problem in many Yemeni governorates and districts. For ... Mehmet Y. Yilmaz: Rabies still rampant in Turkey; veterinary head ... Hürriyet, Turkey - The EU Veterinary Platform has announced that 22 different regions in Turkey have been put under "rabies quarantine" in the past 22 months. ... Filoviridae - Marburg, Ebola http://www.virology.net/Big_Virology/BVRNAfilo.htmlin the news... Russian scientist turned tide on germ warfare Waterloo Record, Canada - ... to contain smallpox, anthrax and plague germs, and even its own cemetery, in which a scientist who had accidentally injected himself with Marburg virus had ... From viral weapons to biological cures China Post, Taiwan - ... to contain smallpox, anthrax and plague germs, and even its own cemetery, in which a scientist who had accidentally injected himself with Marburg virus had ... The Man Who Exposed the Soviets' Viral Terror Los Angeles Times, CA - ... to contain smallpox, anthrax and plague germs, and even its own cemetery, in which a scientist who had accidentally injected himself with Marburg virus had ... Novel 'Plague' Looks At Future Possible Pandemic PR Leap (press release), CA - ... Today’s stomach ache causing virus my be tomorrows killer pandemic and a hard to transmit virus like Ebola is just as likely to evolve into a nightmare ... Turkey Fights Ebola-Like Fever Outbreak WREX-TV, IL - ... outbreak of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever, which has killed at least 20 people this year, and experts said Tuesday more cases of the Ebola-like disease are ... Paramyxoviridae - Measles, Mumps The outbreaks of earlier this yearhttp://virus.stanford.edu/paramyxo/paramyxo.html Human parainfluenza viruses types 1 and 3, Human parainfluenza viruses types 2, 4a, and 4b; mumps virus, Human respiratory syncytial virus In the news... Bunyaviridae - California Encephalitis, Hanta Virus, Crimean Congo Hemorhagic Fever... http://virology.net/Big_Virology/BVRNAbunya.html in the news... Health Officials Launch Battle Against Deadly Hantavirus NBC4.TV, CA - ... Health experts say the common house mouse does not carry the hanta virus, so deer mice are the greatest concern. According to Healy ...
Times Now.tv, India - The victims are suspected to have been infected by the deadly 'hanta virus' in the wake of severe floods a fortnight ago. The air ... Health warning issued in Surat following two deaths Hindu, India - A warning has been issued to the people following the death of two persons due to suspected `Hanta' virus, Surat health department said here. ... Possibly Nuwakot Nepal -------------------------------- Deltavirus - Hepatitis http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/Ictv/fs_delta.htm hepatitis D v. (HDV) a satellite virus of the genus Deltavirus, the etiologic agent of hepatitis D. The presence of hepatitis B virus to provide helper functions is required, and the viral envelope is composed of hepatitis B surface antigen. Called also hepatitis delta v. Arenaviridae - Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, Lassa virus-Rodent transmitted - Unconventional http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/dispages/arena.htm http://virology.net/Big_Virology/BVRNAarena.html 'An Inconvenient Truth' can alert you to a present danger ‘An Inconvenient Truth’ can alert you to a present danger Fort Wayne News Sentinel, IN - ... So we don’t live in Africa or South America and have diseases such as Ebola or Lassa Fever, but we have many more cases of Hanta virus, West Nile virus and ... Plant Viruses affecting lettuce, citrus and tobacco etc Tenuivirus Varicosavirus Ophiovirus ~important link ~ http://www.ima.org.il/imaj/ar02jul-10.pdf#search=%22Crimean%20Congo%20Hemorhagic%20Fever%22 and then there is Dengue...probably, hopefully self limiting because of the vector
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/dengue/ PerspectivesDengue (DF) and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) are caused by one of four closely related, but antigenically distinct, virus serotypes (DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4), of the genus Flavivirus. Infection with one of these serotypes provides immunity to only that serotype for life, so persons living in a dengue-endemic area can have more than one dengue infection during their lifetime. DF and DHF are primarily diseases of tropical and sub tropical areas, and the four different dengue serotypes are maintained in a cycle that involves humans and the Aedes mosquito. However, Aedes aegypti, a domestic, day-biting mosquito that prefers to feed on humans, is the most common Aedes species. Infections produce a spectrum of clinical illness ranging from a nonspecific viral syndrome to severe and fatal hemorrhagic disease. Important risk factors for DHF include the strain of the infecting virus, as well as the age, and especially the prior dengue infection history of the patient. History
of Dengue
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