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PANDEMIC ALERT LEVEL
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Tracking the next pandemic: Avian Flu Talk

Unknown respiratory illness threatens Southeast Al

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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote Pixie Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: May 26 2013 at 9:18am
They mention bacterial pneumonia..They have ruled out viral? Here's an article showing difference >


The Differences

In many cases, parents are often confused as they do not seem to understand if their child is showing signs of bacterial or viral pneumonia. We shall have a look at both the infections separately that will help lay some doubts to rest and distinguish between the two of them.

What is Bacterial Pneumonia?
Bacterial pneumonia is generally caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. It commonly affects people with a weak immune system like those over the age of 65 years, immunocompromised individuals with HIV/AIDS, people with diabetes, heart ailments, lung diseases, etc. Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae are known to cause pneumonia in newborn babies. Other bacteria capable of causing pneumonia include Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Moraxella catarrhalis.

The bacteria enter the body through inhalation of airborne droplets. These bacteria tend to live in the upper respiratory tract and can be inhaled into the lungs. When the bacteria enters the lungs, it triggers an immune response. The neutrophils reach the lungs and engulf the bacterial agents. While doing so, these cells release cytokines that trigger activation of the entire immune system. This leads to many bacterial pneumonia symptoms that include -
High fever
Chills
Fatigue
Drowsiness
Cough with greenish mucus
Chest pain
In severe cases, one will observe a blue tint under the nails and on the lips. Lethargy, drowsiness and the blue tint are seen because the neutrophils, bacteria and the fluid from the blood vessels fill up the alveolar sacs. This causes disruption of normal oxygen transportation leading to these symptoms. The treatment for bacterial pneumonia includes use of antibiotics like penicillin. In severe cases, the person is hospitalized and given oxygen therapy along with intravenous fluids. Analgesics and acetaminophen are given to reduce chest pain and fever.

What is Viral Pneumonia?
Most of the cases of pneumonia are caused due to a viral infection. The viruses that cause pneumonia are influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus and parainfluenza virus. Pneumonia in newborns can be caused by herpes simplex virus in rare occasions. The viral agents reach the lungs through inhalation via the mouth and nose. After entering the lungs, the virus reaches the cells of the airways and alveoli. The viral invasion causes cell death and the immune system begins to act against the invading organism. The lymphocytes activate cytokines that cause fluid build up in alveoli. A person suffering from viral pneumonia shows the following symptoms -
Fever
Dry cough that will progress to wet cough
Sore throat
Loss of appetite
Muscle pain
Shortness of breath
The fluid build up in the alveoli decreases oxygen transportation to the blood. This leads to extreme breathlessness and blue tint of the lips and under the nails. Viral pneumonia is a less severe infection than bacterial pneumonia. Antibiotics and antibacterial drugs will not help in treatment of viral pneumonia. The patient is given antibiotics only if there are chances of secondary bacterial infection. Viral pneumonia is treated by giving the patient plenty of rest and warm fluids to drink. Antiviral drugs like zanamivir or amantadine may be prescribed.

From the above explanations, it becomes easy to differentiate between viral vs. bacterial pneumonia. Bacterial pneumonia symptoms are more severe than viral pneumonia. The symptoms of viral pneumonia develop gradually over a couple of days while bacterial pneumonia tends to develop rapid symptoms. Hope the above information has helped you understand the difference between viral and bacterial pneumonia better.
By Batul Nafisa Baxamusa
Published: 4/13/2011

Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/viral-vs-bacterial-pneumonia.html
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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (1) Thanks(1)   Quote Pixie Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: May 26 2013 at 3:24pm

Predominant Role of Bacterial Pneumonia as a Cause of Death in Pandemic Influenza: Implications for Pandemic Influenza Preparedness

  1. Anthony S. Fauci

+Author Affiliations

  1. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
  1. Reprints or correspondence: David M. Morens, MD, Bldg. 31, Room 7A-10, 31 Center Dr., MSC 2520, National Institute of Allergy and Inectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-2520 (dmorens@niaid.nih.gov).
  1. Presented in part: 2006 Annual Meeting of the American Epidemiological Society, Berkeley, California, 30 March, 2006; and 2007 Annual Meeting of the American Epidemiological Society, Boston, Massachusetts, 26 March 2007.

Abstract

Background. Despite the availability of published data on 4 pandemics that have occurred over the past 120 years, there is little modern information on the causes of death associated with influenza pandemics.

Methods. We examined relevant information from the most recent influenza pandemic that occurred during the era prior to the use of antibiotics, the 1918–1919 “Spanish flu”; pandemic. We examined lung tissue sections obtained during 58 autopsies and reviewed pathologic and bacteriologic data from 109 published autopsy series that described 8398 individual autopsy investigations.

Results. The postmortem samples we examined from people who died of influenza during 1918–1919 uniformly exhibited severe changes indicative of bacterial pneumonia. Bacteriologic and histopathologic results from published autopsy series clearly and consistently implicated secondary bacterial pneumonia caused by common upper respiratory-tract bacteria in most influenza fatalities.

Conclusions. The majority of deaths in the 1918–1919 influenza pandemic likely resulted directly from secondary bacterial pneumonia caused by common upper respiratory-tract bacteria. Less substantial data from the subsequent 1957 and 1968 pandemics are consistent with these findings. If severe pandemic influenza is largely a problem of viral-bacterial copathogenesis, pandemic planning needs to go beyond addressing the viral cause alone (e.g., influenza vaccines and antiviral drugs). Prevention, diagnosis, prophylaxis, and treatment of secondary bacterial pneumonia, as well as stockpiling of antibiotics and bacterial vaccines, should also be high priorities for pandemic planning.

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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote Pixie Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: June 04 2013 at 7:31am
Found this article about mayor going to china, he returned may 19...Maybe some connection to these cases?


Posted on: May 29, 2013

Dothan Mayor Mike Schmitz One of Four U.S. Mayors to Complete Historical Trip to China

23,000 miles, 8 days, 7 Chinese cities and 34 meetings marked the beginning
of a new bridge between American South and China, as four US mayors from
diverse cities in North Carolina and Alabama completed a historical trip to
China from May 9th to 17th.

Their goal? -- a deeper understanding of Chinese interest in the US market
and to place their communities at the top of the list for consideration for North
American expansion.

“We hear the media's sensational is stories about China and they hear the
same about the U.S. And yet there is so much to gain for both and so many
ways we can work together,” said Jill Swain, mayor of Huntersville, North
Carolina.

In seven cities -- Hong Kong, Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, Bazhong, Nanchong,
and Langzhong – the delegation found business leaders and government
officials eager for dialogue. “The reception we received was incredible,” said
Mike Schmitz, mayor of Dothan, Alabama. “Each meeting was more than a
courtesy discussion. Businesses were curious about our communities and
anxious to introduce their businesses to us. Some are already in the process
of looking to locate in the United States. For my city, I wanted to learn as
much as I could about the needs of these companies and learn how we might
meet those needs.”

For one member of the delegation, Greg Norris, this was not his first trip to
China. “We have been in discussions with at least one manufacturer for most
of the past year. While I saw again the many opportunities for US
communities like ours, I think we are making progress on reaching an
agreement with at least one company to build in our community. For me, it
was another meeting with someone who has become a friend.” Norris is
chairman of the Monroe County, Alabama Commission. His community
hosted two Alabama China Partnership Symposium in 2012. The
negotiations in which Norris is engaged are the result of his community’s
initiative with those two events.

Perhaps ironically, the delegation’s first meeting in Asia was not with a
Chinese official, but an American one. Francisco Sánchez, Deputy Secretary
for Trade in the US Department of Commerce, kicked off the group’s
ambitious agenda. Sanchez emphasized the importance of the US-China
relationship, not just politically, but for the world economy. During a
presentation at Hong Kong’s Asia Society, Sanchez made reference to the
mayors’ efforts, calling the group’s visit both “significant” and “meaningful” in
its ability to attract foreign direct investment to the United States. Sánchez
offered his support for their efforts. Sánchez’s initial meeting with the mayors
went well, and continued during a second day of meetings while in Hong Kong.
The mayors also listened to China’s view of the world from high level Chinese
government representatives, including the former CEO of Hong Kong SAR,
Hon. C.H. Tung, and a number of Chinese mayors and other local leaders,
such as the deputy mayor of Nanjing Zeguang Zheng.

A number of top Chinese manufacturers also met with the delegation.
Representatives from industries such as aviation, ship-building, heavy
machinery, railway equipment, 3D printing, metal production and more
attended several receptions hosted by the Asian Manufacturing Association
(“AMA”) for the visiting mayors. SoZo worked with AMA to organize the past
week’s meetings. Located in Beijing, AMA is the authoritative think tank and
chamber of commerce for Chinese manufacturers.

The mayors were impressed by what they saw and heard from the companies
with whom they met. “Clearly, China manufacturing is no long to be
considered only as a low cost manufacturing hub. We have seen some of
the world’s most modern facilities and new technology that we would very
much like to have in our community, said Sheldon Day, mayor of Thomasville,
Alabama.

While this was Day’s first trip to China, he has become experienced in
working with Chinese manufacturing. His city is the location for one of the
largest green field investments by a Chinese manufacturer, Golden Dragon
Precise Copper Tubing Group from Xinxiang. That plant will begin operations
later this year. The delegation visited one of Golden Dragon’s facilities in
Shanghai.

In one of the group’s stops, Langzhong, the mayors agreed to a Joint
Cooperation Agreement providing a framework for further discussions, trade
development, and assistance with global development. For example, the
cities agreed to assist one another with further introductions to their provincial
and state government leaders; to work with companies from each of the cities
to utilize available statutory incentives and assistance for investment and job
creation; and to provide a general introductory letter of support recognizing
each other’s city, which may be used by elected officials and their business
development offices, and companies within those cities, to introduce
themselves to companies in both countries. Other agreements may still be
reached.

The cities represented on this trip possess strong manufacturing capacity in a
range of industries, including aviation, automotive, alternative energy,
electronics, metal production and fabrication, and wood products. The cities
also have competent work force training and experience with foreign
companies.

CEO of SoZo Group Raymond Cheng said: “increasing investment between
US and China is essential for a trusted and sustainable US-China relationship
and both sides should engage more to build up trust and understanding.”
Organized by SoZo Group, the mayors’ trip reflects the company’s mission in
bridging China and US businesses, and expanding communication and
understanding between the two cultures. This trip is part of SoZo’s
commitment to connect the local leaders from the United States and China to
pave a way for a sustainable long-lasting US-China subnational relationship.
SoZo and AMA will host a US-China Manufacturing Symposium in the United
States in November 2013. Many of the companies visited in China have
already indicated their intent to attend, and the US and Chinese government
leaders have expressed a desire to reconnect at the event. An initial US
briefing on the event, including a further discussion on last week’s delegation
visits, will be held in Washington, DC in early June.

The group logged significant miles on the trip on behalf of their communities -
23,000 miles over 8 days, 7 Chinese cities and 34 separate meetings. “This
was intended to be a working trip, and we exceeded our intention,” said Swain.
I am confident my community benefitted not only from the exposure, but also
from the opportunities that presented themselves. Now it’s time to follow up.”

The mayors returned to the US on May 19th.

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