Researchers are testing 64 coronavirus vaccines in clinical trials on humans. Here are explanations about how nine of the leading vaccines work.

   Messenger RNA Vaccines

   How the Pfizer-BioNTech Vaccine Works

   The vaccine, known as Comirnaty, has been approved or authorized for emergency use in several countries, including the United States. Clinical trials showed the vaccine has an efficacy of 95 percent. 

https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/health/pfizer-biontech-covid-19-vaccine.html" rel="noopener noreferrer - Full Pfizer vaccine details here

   How Moderna’s Vaccine Works

   The vaccine, known as mRNA-1273, has been authorized for emergency use in the United States, the European Union and other countries. Clinical trials showed the vaccine has an efficacy of 94.5 percent. 

https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/health/moderna-covid-19-vaccine.html" rel="noopener noreferrer - Full Moderna vaccine details here

Adenovirus-Based Vaccines

   How the Oxford-AstraZeneca Vaccine Works

   The vaccine, known as AZD1222 or Covishield, is authorized for emergency use in Britain, India, Mexico and other countries. Clinical trials showed the vaccine has an efficacy of 62 to 90  percent, depending on dosage. 

https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/health/oxford-astrazeneca-covid-19-vaccine.html" rel="noopener noreferrer - Full Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccube details here

   How the Johnson & Johnson Vaccine Works

   The vaccine, called Ad26.COV2.S, is in Phase 3 trials and has not been authorized by any country. Trial results are expected in January. 

https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/health/johnson-johnson-covid-19-vaccine.html" rel="noopener noreferrer - Full J&J vaccine details here

   How the Gamaleya Vaccine Works

   The vaccine, known as Sputnik V or Gam-Covid-Vac, is a combination of two different Adenoviruses, Ad26 and Ad5. The vaccine is in use in Russia, Belarus and several other countries. A Phase 3 trial showed an efficacy of 91 percent. 

https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/health/gamaleya-covid-19-vaccine.html" rel="noopener noreferrer - Full Gamaleya vaccine (Sputnic V) details here 

Protein-Based Vaccines

   How the Novavax Vaccine Works

   The vaccine, known as NVX-CoV2373, is in Phase 3 trials. The vaccine has not been authorized by any country. 

https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/health/novavax-covid-19-vaccine.html" rel="noopener noreferrer - Full Novavax vaccine details here

Inactivated Coronavirus Vaccines

   How the Sinopharm Vaccine Works

   The vaccine, known as BBIBP-CorV, is approved in China, Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates. Sinopharm says the vaccine has an efficacy rate of 79.34 percent. 

https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/health/sinopharm-covid-19-vaccine.html" rel="noopener noreferrer - Full Sinopharm details here

   How the Sinovac Vaccine Works

    https://cn.nytimes.com/health/20201229/sinovac-covid-19-vaccine/ - 阅读简体中文版 · https://cn.nytimes.com/health/20201229/sinovac-covid-19-vaccine/zh-hant/ - 閱讀繁體中文版

   The vaccine, known as CoronaVac, is authorized for limited use in China. Trials in Brazil found an overall efficacy of just over 50 percent, the minimum threshold set by many regulatory agencies for authorizing a coronavirus vaccine. 

https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/health/sinovac-covid-19-vaccine.html" rel="noopener noreferrer - Full Sinovac details here

How Bharat Biotech’s Vaccine Works

   The vaccine, known as Covaxin, is authorized for emergency use in India, despite a lack of published Phase 3 trial results. The vaccine’s efficacy is not yet known. 

https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/health/bharat-biotech-covid-19-vaccine.html" rel="noopener noreferrer - How Bharat's vaccine works

Source and a quick prece:   https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/health/how-covid-19-vaccines-work.html?utm_source=pocket-newtab-global-en-GB - https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/health/how-covid-19-vaccines-work.html?utm_source=pocket-newtab-global-en-GB