So far most "breaktrough cases" could be explained in two ways; 1-Vaccines offer not 100% protection so in 1000 vaccinations with 95% protection 50 people still may catch the virus. Vaccinating may result in less severe disease... 2-In larger scale outbreaks reported often people may get infected just before, during, or shortly after vaccination. A healthy young person may develop a high level of immunity after 12-14 days, older or less healthy persons may need more time-up to 3 weeks (maybe even more) and may not get the same level of immunity young healthy persons get... The bad news; 1-[url]https://flutrackers.com/forum/forum/welcome-to-the-scientific-library/vaccines-aa/912460-evidence-for-increased-breakthrough-rates-of-sars-cov-2-variants-of-concern-in-bnt162b2-mrna-vaccinated-individuals[/url] or https://flutrackers.com/forum/forum/welcome-to-the-scientific-library/vaccines-aa/912460-evidence-for-increased-breakthrough-rates-of-sars-cov-2-variants-of-concern-in-bnt162b2-mrna-vaccinated-individuals - https://flutrackers.com/forum/forum/welcome-to-the-scientific-library/vaccines-aa/912460-evidence-for-increased-breakthrough-rates-of-sars-cov-2-variants-of-concern-in-bnt162b2-mrna-vaccinated-individuals ;The BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine has demonstrated high protection levels, yet apprehension exists that several variants of concerns (VOCs) can surmount the immune defenses generated by the vaccines. Neutralization assays have revealed some reduction in neutralization of VOCs B.1.1.7 and B.1.351, but the relevance of these assays in real life remains unclear. Here, we performed a case-control study that examined whether BNT162b2 vaccinees with documented SARS-CoV-2 infection were more likely to become infected with B.1.1.7 or B.1.351 compared with unvaccinated individuals. Vaccinees infected at least a week after the second dose were disproportionally infected with B.1.351 (odds ratio of 8:1). Those infected between two weeks after the first dose and one week after the second dose, were disproportionally infected by B.1.1.7 (odds ratio of 26:10), suggesting reduced vaccine effectiveness against both VOCs under different dosage/timing conditions. Nevertheless, the B.1.351 incidence in Israel to-date remains low and vaccine effectiveness remains high against B.1.1.7, among those fully vaccinated. These results overall suggest that vaccine breakthrough infection is more frequent with both VOCs, yet a combination of mass-vaccination with two doses coupled with non-pharmaceutical interventions control and contain their spread.. DJ-Translation: The Pfizer vaccine may offer less protection (Israel study) when confronted with several variants...In time this may mean vaccine escape if there is not enough NPI/lockdown etc. to contain it...See also [url]https://flutrackers.com/forum/forum/middle-east-aa/middle-east-covid-19-sept-13-2020-may-31-2021/912451-israeli-data-shows-south-african-variant-able-to-%E2%80%98break-through%E2%80%99-pfizer-vaccine[/url] or https://flutrackers.com/forum/forum/middle-east-aa/middle-east-covid-19-sept-13-2020-may-31-2021/912451-israeli-data-shows-south-african-variant-able-to-%E2%80%98break-through%E2%80%99-pfizer-vaccine - https://flutrackers.com/forum/forum/middle-east-aa/middle-east-covid-19-sept-13-2020-may-31-2021/912451-israeli-data-shows-south-african-variant-able-to-%E2%80%98break-through%E2%80%99-pfizer-vaccine ; Israeli data shows South African variant able to ‘break through’ Pfizer vaccine Strain is more effective than original COVID and the British variant at bypassing the shot, Israeli scientists find, in first-of-its-kind, real-world study By Nathan Jeffay 10 April 2021, 8:08 pm 5 - Israel has used the Pfizer vaccine almost exclusively to vaccinate millions of citizens, with a version by Moderna, based on similar innovative mRNA technology, used minimally.
A team from Tel Aviv University and the Clalit healthcare organization sequenced the swabs of 150 Israelis who tested positive for COVID-19 despite having been vaccinated.
In their study, the prevalence of the South African strain among vaccinated individuals who were infected despite their inoculation was eight times higher than its prevalence in the unvaccinated infected population. Though the number of such infections among the vaccinated was relatively small, the findings indicated that this variant was far more successful in getting through vaccinated individuals’ defenses than other strains.
“Based on patterns in the general population, we would have expected just one case of the South African variant, but we saw eight,” Prof. Adi Stern, who headed the research, told The Times of Israel. “Obviously, this result didn’t make me happy.” .... DJ-If vaccines offer less protection against some variants these variants may spread further in a vaccinated population. Vaccine then may offer good protection against "old" variants but less against newer (often less mild) variants... 2-[url]https://flutrackers.com/forum/forum/the-melissa-hein-forum-for-psychological-research-and-development/912482-the-mystery-of-breakthrough-covid-19-infections-and-their-psychological-impact[/url] or https://flutrackers.com/forum/forum/the-melissa-hein-forum-for-psychological-research-and-development/912482-the-mystery-of-breakthrough-covid-19-infections-and-their-psychological-impact - https://flutrackers.com/forum/forum/the-melissa-hein-forum-for-psychological-research-and-development/912482-the-mystery-of-breakthrough-covid-19-infections-and-their-psychological-impact : DJ Even within the percentage that a vaccine can not protect getting Covid 19 after vaccination is "hard to swallow"...people want to feel safe, resume their life... [url]https://flutrackers.com/forum/forum/united-states-ab/united-states-covid-19-sars-cov-2-september-13-2020-may-31-2021/912480-ak-she-got-covid-19-got-vaccinated-and-then-got-covid-again[/url] or https://flutrackers.com/forum/forum/united-states-ab/united-states-covid-19-sars-cov-2-september-13-2020-may-31-2021/912480-ak-she-got-covid-19-got-vaccinated-and-then-got-covid-again - https://flutrackers.com/forum/forum/united-states-ab/united-states-covid-19-sars-cov-2-september-13-2020-may-31-2021/912480-ak-she-got-covid-19-got-vaccinated-and-then-got-covid-again : DJ-Communications have to improve on what vaccinations can-and can not- offer. It may be an illusion that one can get 100% protection for a longer time...Booster vaccines should be seen as "good news"... 3 [url]https://flutrackers.com/forum/forum/united-states-ab/united-states-covid-19-sars-cov-2-september-13-2020-may-31-2021/911946-or-lawmakers-to-oha-release-covid-vaccine-%E2%80%98breakthrough%E2%80%99-case-count-update-168-post-vaccine-covid-cases-9-hospitalized-3-deaths?view=stream[/url] or https://flutrackers.com/forum/forum/united-states-ab/united-states-covid-19-sars-cov-2-september-13-2020-may-31-2021/911946-or-lawmakers-to-oha-release-covid-vaccine-%E2%80%98breakthrough%E2%80%99-case-count-update-168-post-vaccine-covid-cases-9-hospitalized-3-deaths?view=stream - https://flutrackers.com/forum/forum/united-states-ab/united-states-covid-19-sars-cov-2-september-13-2020-may-31-2021/911946-or-lawmakers-to-oha-release-covid-vaccine-%E2%80%98breakthrough%E2%80%99-case-count-update-168-post-vaccine-covid-cases-9-hospitalized-3-deaths?view=stream ;How many “breakthrough” COVID cases are there in Oregon, that is, vaccinated people who contract the coronavirus? Oregon lawmakers are asking why the Oregon Health Authority is not revealing certain information and now 2 Portland state legislators have a bill that would make OHA answer that question and others... DJ-Governments have to be as open as possible on "the numbers" if you want people to trust vaccines... 4-[url]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengue_fever#Vaccine[/url] or https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengue_fever#Vaccine - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengue_fever#Vaccine ; Vaccine[ https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dengue_fever&action=edit§ion=15" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Vaccine - edit ]In 2016 a partially effective https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengue_fever_vaccine" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Dengue fever vaccine - vaccine for dengue fever became commercially available in the Philippines and Indonesia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengue_fever#cite_note-East2016-4" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none; - [4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengue_fever#cite_note-Temp2016-57" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none; - [57] It has been approved for use by Mexico, Brazil, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Singapore, Paraguay, much of Europe, and the United States. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengue_fever#cite_note-FDA2019Approve-9" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none; - [9] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengue_fever#cite_note-Temp2016-57" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none; - [57] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengue_fever#cite_note-58" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none; - [58] The vaccine is only recommended in individuals who have had a prior dengue infection or in populations where most (>80%) of people have been infected by age 9. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengue_fever#cite_note-WHO2018Vac-10" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none; - [10] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengue_fever#cite_note-Tor2019-59" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none; - [59] In those who have not had a prior infection there is evidence it may worsen subsequent infections. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengue_fever#cite_note-FDA2019Approve-9" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none; - [9] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengue_fever#cite_note-WHO2018Vac-10" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none; - [10] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengue_fever#cite_note-WHO2019Fact-5" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none; - [5] For this reason https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prescrire" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Prescrire - Prescrire does not see it as suitable for wide scale immunization, even in areas where the disease is common. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengue_fever#cite_note-60" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none; - [60] The vaccine is produced by https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanofi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Sanofi - Sanofi and goes by the brand name https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengvaxia" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Dengvaxia - Dengvaxia . https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengue_fever#cite_note-61" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none; - [61] It is based on a weakened combination of the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_fever_virus" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Yellow fever virus - yellow fever virus and each of the four dengue serotypes. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengue_fever#cite_note-WHO2012-36" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none; - [36] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengue_fever#cite_note-62" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none; - [62] Studies of the vaccine found it was 66% effective and prevented more than 80 to 90% of severe cases. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengue_fever#cite_note-Tor2019-59" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none; - [59] This is less than wished for by some. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengue_fever#cite_note-NYT2015Dec-63" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none; - [63] In Indonesia it costs about US$207 for the recommended three doses. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengue_fever#cite_note-Temp2016-57" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none; - [57] Given the limitations of the current vaccine, research on vaccines continues, and the fifth serotype may be factored in. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengue_fever#cite_note-new_type2013-7" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none; - [7] One of the concerns is that a vaccine could increase the risk of severe disease through https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody-dependent_enhancement" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Antibody-dependent enhancement - antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengue_fever#cite_note-Webster-64" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none; - [64] The ideal vaccine is safe, effective after one or two injections, covers all serotypes, does not contribute to ADE, is easily transported and stored, and is both affordable and cost-effective. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengue_fever#cite_note-Webster-64" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none; - [64] DJ-[url]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody-dependent_enhancement[/url] or https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody-dependent_enhancement - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody-dependent_enhancement ;Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), sometimes less precisely called immune enhancement or disease enhancement, is a phenomenon in which binding of a virus to suboptimal https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" title="Antibody - antibodies enhances its https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_entry" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" title="Viral entry - entry into https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_(biology)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" title="Host (biology) - host https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" title="Cell (biology) - cells , followed by its https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_replication" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" title="Viral replication - replication - Usually the process of https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phagocytosis" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" title="Phagocytosis - phagocytosis is accompanied by the virus degradation, however, if the virus is not neutralized (either due to low affinity binding or targeting to a non-neutralizing epitope), antibody binding might result in a virus escape and therefore, enhanced infection. Thus, phagocytosis can cause viral replication, with the subsequent death of immune cells. The virus “deceives” the process of phagocytosis of immune cells and uses the host's antibodies as a https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_horse" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" title="Trojan horse - Trojan horse . ADE may occur due to the non-neutralizing characteristic of the antibody, which bind viral epitopes other than those involved in a host cell attachment and entry. ADE may also happen due to the presence of sub-neutralizing concentrations of antibodies (binding to viral epitopes below the threshold for neutralization). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody-dependent_enhancement#cite_note-:47-4" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none; - [4] In addition ADE can be induced when the strength of antibody-antigen interaction is below the certain threshold. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody-dependent_enhancement#cite_note-Iwasaki_2020-5" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none; - [5] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody-dependent_enhancement#cite_note-Ricke_2020-6" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none; - [6] This phenomenon might lead to both increased virus https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectivity" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" title="Infectivity - infectivity and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virulence" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" title="Virulence - virulence . The viruses that can cause ADE frequently share some common features such as antigenic diversity, abilities to replicate and establish persistence in immune cells. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody-dependent_enhancement#cite_note-Tirado_2003-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none; - [1] ADE can occur during the development of a primary or secondary viral infection, as well as after vaccination with a subsequent virus challenge. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody-dependent_enhancement#cite_note-Tirado_2003-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none; - [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody-dependent_enhancement#cite_note-7" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none; - [7] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody-dependent_enhancement#cite_note-8" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none; - [8] It has been observed mainly with https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive-strand_RNA_virus" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" title="Positive-strand RNA virus - positive-strand RNA viruses . Among them are https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavivirus" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" title="Flavivirus - Flaviviruses such as https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengue_virus" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" title="Dengue virus - Dengue virus , https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody-dependent_enhancement#cite_note-9" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none; - [9] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_fever" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" title="Yellow fever - Yellow fever virus , https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zika_virus" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" title="Zika virus - Zika virus , https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody-dependent_enhancement#cite_note-Khandia2018-10" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none; - [10] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody-dependent_enhancement#cite_note-Plotkin2012-11" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none; - [11] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" title="Coronavirus - Coronaviruses , including https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphacoronavirus" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" title="Alphacoronavirus - alpha- and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betacoronavirus" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" title="Betacoronavirus - betacoronaviruses , https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody-dependent_enhancement#cite_note-:22-12" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none; - [12] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthomyxoviridae" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" title="Orthomyxoviridae - Orthomyxoviruses such as https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" title="Influenza - influenza , https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody-dependent_enhancement#cite_note-13" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none; - [13] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrovirus" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" title="Retrovirus - Retroviruses such as https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" title="HIV - HIV , https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody-dependent_enhancement#cite_note-14" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none; - [14] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody-dependent_enhancement#cite_note-:48-15" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none; - [15] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody-dependent_enhancement#cite_note-:49-16" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none; - [16] and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthopneumovirus" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" title="Orthopneumovirus - Orthopneumoviruses such as https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_orthopneumovirus" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" title="Human orthopneumovirus - RSV. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody-dependent_enhancement#cite_note-17" style="text-decoration: underline; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none; - [ DJ-In short-a vaccine may provide good protection against a virus but when confronted with a variation of that virus immunity fails, [url]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody-dependent_enhancement#Mechanism[/url] or https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody-dependent_enhancement#Mechanism - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody-dependent_enhancement#Mechanism ;Interaction of a virus with antibodies must prevent the virus from attaching to the host cell entry receptors. However, instead of preventing infection of the host cell, this process can facilitate viral infection of immune cells, causing ADE. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody-dependent_enhancement#cite_note-Tirado_2003-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none; - [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody-dependent_enhancement#cite_note-Bournazos_2020-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none; - [3] After binding the virus, the antibody interacts with Fc or complement receptors expressed on certain immune cells. These receptors promote virus-antibody internalization by the immune cells, which should be followed by the virus destruction. However, the virus might escape the antibody complex and start its replication cycle inside the immune cell avoiding the degradation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody-dependent_enhancement#cite_note-Bournazos_2020-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none; - [3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody-dependent_enhancement#cite_note-:51-23" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none; - [23] This happens if the virus is bound to low affinity antibody. DJ-If the variant-virus is able to infect immune cells it takes away the defense system...[url]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus#Prevention_and_treatment[/url] or https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus#Prevention_and_treatment - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus#Prevention_and_treatment ; Vaccines are available for animal coronaviruses IBV, TGEV, and Canine CoV, although their effectiveness is limited. In the case of outbreaks of highly contagious animal coronaviruses, such as PEDV, measures such as https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culling" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" title="Culling - destruction of entire herds of pigs may be used to prevent transmission to other herds. DJ-Coronavirusses in animals show limited effect-other steps are needed to get a limited outbreak under control. Covid19 is now very widespread with many variants...One has to be realistic on what vaccinations may be able to do...The best scenario may be limited NPI and maximum vaccinations/booster shots. [url]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_resistance[/url] or https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_resistance - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_resistance ;Drug resistance is the reduction in effectiveness of a medication such as an https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobial" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" title="Antimicrobial - antimicrobial or an https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antineoplastic" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" title="Antineoplastic - antineoplastic in treating a https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" title="Disease - disease or condition DJ-Vaccine resistance [url]https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/feb/07/covid-variants-and-vaccine-resistance-all-you-need-to-know[/url] or https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/feb/07/covid-variants-and-vaccine-resistance-all-you-need-to-know - https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/feb/07/covid-variants-and-vaccine-resistance-all-you-need-to-know is a growing risk in this pandemic.
------------- We cannot solve our problems with the same thinking we used when we created them. ~Albert Einstein
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